1. TETRAPODS Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals (Chapter 9)

2. What is a tetrapod? Tetra – four Tetra – four Pod- foot Pod- foot Air breathing Air breathing Vertebrate Vertebrate Terrestrial ancestor Terrestrial ancestor Marine reptiles, birds, and mammals Marine reptiles, birds, and mammals

3. What is a tetrapod? Depend on sea for food Depend on sea for food Spend significant time in the sea Spend significant time in the sea Birds & mammals are homeothermic Birds & mammals are homeothermic

4. Marine Reptiles

5. Body enclosed in carapace (shell) fused to backbone Body enclosed in carapace (shell) fused to backbone Legs adapted as flippers Legs adapted as flippers Primarily warm water habitats Primarily warm water habitats Diet: sea grasses, soft invertebrates, some crabs & molluscs, JELLYFISH Diet: sea grasses, soft invertebrates, some crabs & molluscs, JELLYFISH

6. Marine Reptile: Reproduction Females lay eggs on land Females lay eggs on land Oviparous…what? Time out! Oviparous…what? Time out!

7. Types of embryo development Viviparous – eggs develop inside female and embryo gets nutrition from the mother (humans) Viviparous – eggs develop inside female and embryo gets nutrition from the mother (humans)

8. Types of embryo development Oviparous – animal releases eggs & sperm (broadcast spawning) Oviparous – animal releases eggs & sperm (broadcast spawning)

9. Types of embryo development Ovoviviparous – eggs develop inside mother’s body, hatch just before birth Ovoviviparous – eggs develop inside mother’s body, hatch just before birth

10. Marine Reptile: Reproduction Oviparous…what? Time out! Oviparous…what? Time out! Females lay eggs on land Females lay eggs on land Babies hatch (usually at night) and return to the sea Babies hatch (usually at night) and return to the sea Eggs eaten by dogs, crabs, other land animals Eggs eaten by dogs, crabs, other land animals Babies eaten by seabirds and fish Babies eaten by seabirds and fish

11. Marine Reptiles: Land to Sea Tough leathery shell on egg prevents drying out Tough leathery shell on egg prevents drying out Nasal glands and kidneys – remove excess salt Nasal glands and kidneys – remove excess salt

12. Seabirds Homeotherms & endotherms Homeotherms & endotherms Live in wide variety of environements Live in wide variety of environements Waterproof feathers keep them warm Waterproof feathers keep them warm Light hollow bones = easier flight Light hollow bones = easier flight

13. Seabirds Significant time in/on water Significant time in/on water Most breed in large colonies on land Most breed in large colonies on land Mate as lifelong pairs Mate as lifelong pairs Take care of young Take care of young Webbed feet to swim Webbed feet to swim Predators: squid, invertebrates, fish, and krill Predators: squid, invertebrates, fish, and krill

14. Seabirds: Shorebirds Wadders Wadders Usually not webbed feet Usually not webbed feet Live on coasts & inland waterways Live on coasts & inland waterways Plovers, Sandpipers, Herons Plovers, Sandpipers, Herons

15. Seabirds: Penguins No flight No flight Great swimmers Great swimmers Eyes adapted for underwater Eyes adapted for underwater Cold temps – layer of fat under dense feathers Cold temps – layer of fat under dense feathers

16. Seabirds: Pelicans & Relatives Webbing between all toes Webbing between all toes Generally large Generally large Fish eaters Fish eaters Large pouch under beak (pelicans and frigate birds) Large pouch under beak (pelicans and frigate birds) Pelican, Cormorant, Frigate Birds Pelican, Cormorant, Frigate Birds

17. Seabirds: Gulls Largest variety Largest variety Predators and scavengers Predators and scavengers Eat eggs and young of other birds Eat eggs and young of other birds Gulls, Terns, Puffins Gulls, Terns, Puffins

18. Seabirds: Tubenoses Tube like nostrils Tube like nostrils Heavy beaks, usually curved – adapted for food Heavy beaks, usually curved – adapted for food Great fliers and hunters (fish) Great fliers and hunters (fish) Migrators – go to Arctic in summer Migrators – go to Arctic in summer Albatross and Shearwaters Albatross and Shearwaters

19. Marine Mammals Breaking Down the Groups

20. Kingdom: Anamalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order:…

21. Order Pinepedia Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses paddle shaped flippers, breed on land paddle shaped flippers, breed on land most live in cold water most live in cold water warmed by blubber warmed by blubber predators: prey on fish predators: prey on fish excellent swimmers excellent swimmers

22. Order Carnivora Sea Otter Live in cold water – air trapped beneath fur keeps warm Live in cold water – air trapped beneath fur keeps warm Ravenous – molluscs, crabs, invertebrates, fish and of course….. Ravenous – molluscs, crabs, invertebrates, fish and of course….. Sea Urchins

23. Order Carnivora Polar Bear Live in the Arctic Semi aquatic Eat seals

24. Piniped v. Carnivora What’s the difference? It’s all in the feet… It’s all in the feet… Pinniped = finned or feathered feet Pinniped = finned or feathered feet

25. Order Sirenia Manatees and Dugongs Herbivores Herbivores Slow moving Slow moving Fully aquatic Fully aquatic Warm water Warm water –Manatees: N and S America & W. Africa –Dugong: Asia

27. Order Cetacea Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises Fully aquatic Fully aquatic Streamlined bodies for swimming Streamlined bodies for swimming Divided by baleen and toothed Divided by baleen and toothed Filter feedingcarnivorous whales (whales, porpoise, dolphin)

28. Reading You are responsible for the information on the following pages: 177-180 (through sea turtles) 183 - only Figure 9.7 185 – only intro to Marine Mammals 188-194 (only to bottom of 1 st column) Plus all notes and handouts/reading