1. Chapter 7 Memory

2. Encoding  1 st step in remembering  Putting information into memory

3. Storage  Second step in remembering information.  Putting information into short term or long term memory

4. Retrieval  Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought.  3 rd step in remembering

5. Types of Memory  Explicit (takes conscious effort to recall) Episodic-memory of your life Episodic-memory of your life Semantic-fact Semantic-fact Processed into long-term memory by hippocampus Processed into long-term memory by hippocampus  Implicit/Procedural (no effort) Classical conditioning Classical conditioning Skills (swimming, walking, etc.) Skills (swimming, walking, etc.) Processed into long-term memory by cerebellum Processed into long-term memory by cerebellum

6. Flashbulb memory  Events so important it seems as though it is a photograph in your mind.  Example: Wedding day

8. Types of encoding  Semantic: Make something meaningful in order to remember it. Make something meaningful in order to remember it. Ex., you remember song lyrics that you like more easily than your class notes Ex., you remember song lyrics that you like more easily than your class notes We remember things that are emotional for us-funny, embarrassing, clever, intriguing, etc We remember things that are emotional for us-funny, embarrassing, clever, intriguing, etc  Acoustic-remember by sound  Visual-remember what we see

9.  amazing memory amazing memory amazing memory

10. Processing  Ebinghaus and the forgetting curve Forget a lot quickly unless we consciously try to remember the information Forget a lot quickly unless we consciously try to remember the information

11.  Spacing effect- studying a little each night leads to better encoding of information  Primacy effect-beginning of a list goes into long-term memory better.  Recency effect-end of list goes into short- term memory better SO WE GET THE…  Serial Position effect-remember beginning and end of a list

12. Mnemonic Devices (help enhance encoding)  Method of location-tie objects to your daily routine.  Narrative chaining-tell a story linking items  Acronyms-take first letter of each word to be encoded and make them start new words in an easy to remember phrase  Ex.-My Very Eager Mother Just Served us Nachos. (sorry Pluto)

13.  Socks fishing pole  Goat  Car tire  Pickle US flag  Elvis  Garden hose spaghetti  Computer  Basketball  Pizza  Globe  Stapler  tree

14.  Chunking-grouping items to remember them  Over learning-looking at something over and over again until it is learned.

15. Storage  Sensory memory-  1 st stage of memory through our senses.  TYPES: 1. Iconic Memory- Mental pictures, they are like snapshots  Different from flashbulb because it is a still frame rather than playing movie

16. 2. Acoustic/Echoic Memory-  Remembering what you hear or…  Saying things out loud in order to remember them

17. Short Term Memory  Memory we keep only for a short period of time.  Will forget information later that is in short term memory unless we are able to encode it into long-term memory

18. Long-Term Memory  Memories that are in your mind for good  Your mind already holds more information than an encyclopedia or computer hard drive.  It holds words, pictures, sounds, smells, tastes, touches, etc…  Apparently there is no limit to how much we can remember

19.  Long-term potentiation-  Signal transmission between neurons gets stronger after repeated use of those neural pathways.  So…the more you think about information, the better it stays in your memory

20. Retrieval  Recall of learned information  Priming-exposure to a stimulus that later influences memory recall  Ex. Participants in one study read a story about the ocean and were later asked to recall their favorite detergent.  Ex. Reading a list of words that includes table. Later when asked to come up with a word that starts with ta-more likely to say table.

21. State-dependent Memories  We remember something better in the same physiological and mental state we learned it in.  Types 1. Context-we remember better in the same environment we learned something in 2. Mood-we remember past events better if we were in the same mood then that we are now 3. When learning something while on a drug, rats in a study remembered it better when on the drug again

22. 4. Sensations we have felt before can trigger memory as well, such as a familiar smell triggering a memory.

23. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon  Come so close to retrieving information that it seems like the information is on the tip-of-the-tongue.

24. Interference  Proactive interference-old information blocks recall of new information  Ex. A boy call his girlfriend by his old girlfriends name.  Retroactive interference-new information blocks recall of old information Ex. Forget old locker combination after using the new one for a few weeks.

25.  Repression-unable to retrieve unpleasant memories  Misinformation effect-leading questions can affect the accuracy of memory  Elizabeth Loftus experiment-when asked how fast cars were going when the “smashed” into each other after watching video of a crash, people overestimated the speed of the cars and described broken glass when there was none.

26.  Retrograde amnesia-can’t remember the past  Anterograde amnesia-can’t form new memories