1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Hypnosis  Hypnosis  a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

3. Hypnosis Background zAnton Mesmer said he could “mesmerize” people with his animal magnetism zBen Franklin said “NO, Way!” zMost early claims were outrageous

4. Hypnosis  Unhypnotized persons can also do this  Most people can be hypnotized  20% are easy  Need ability to turn attention inward and imagine possibilities

5. Cans and Cant's of Hypnosis zCan: yHelp with bad habits yAlleviate pain yBe therapeutic z Can’t yMemories recovered are less trustworthy yForce someone to act against their will

6. Hypnosis  Orne & Evans (1965)  control group instructed to “pretend”  unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones  Posthypnotic Suggestion  suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

7. Hypnosis  Dissociation  a split in consciousness  allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others  Hidden Observer  Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

8. Explaining Hypnosis Much of our life is spent on autopilot

9. Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance  diminishing effect with regular use  Withdrawal  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

10. Drugs and Consciousness  Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug  marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (pain and cravings)  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug  for example, to relieve negative emotions

11. Drug Myth-busting zAddictive drugs quickly corrupt y15-16% become and rarely those than use medically zAddictions can’t be overcome yMajority defeat them on their own zAddiction should cover more than drugs yNot taking responsibility yUse illness as an excuse

12. Psychoactive Drugs a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Depressants  drugs that reduce neural activity  slow body functions  Alcohol (act on tendencies already there, lower inhibitions, brain shrinks  Barbiturates (tranquilizers that mimic alcohol, can be lethal)  Opiates (lethargy, blissful pleasure, awful withdrawals, OD likely, brain stops own production)

13. Psychoactive Drugs  Stimulants  drugs that excite neural activity  Uses: stay awake, loose weight, boost mood or athletic performance  After effects: huge crash, slow down, fatigue, headaches, irritability and depression  speed up body functions  Types  Amphetamines  Cocaine (easily addictive, emotionally disturbing, paranoid, convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure  Ecstasy: MDMA; stimulant and hallucinogen, releases serotonin and stops reabsorbtion, “I love everyone”, lack of sleep  caffeine, nicotine

14. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

15. Psychoactive Drugs  Hallucinogens  psychedelic (mind- manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input  LSD  Euphoria – detachment – panic  Blocks a subtype of serotonin  Begins with geo forms – meaningful images – replays – feeling of separation from body

16. Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens  THC (the major active ingredient in marijuana)  Hard to classify  Dis-inhibit and high like alcohol  Mild hallucinations by amplifying senses  Varies by user and situation  Pro  Relieves pain and nausea, aids in preventing weight loss in cancer patients, not inhaled!  Con  SMOKE is ALWAYS BAD  Impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, memory and learning  Lingers for months in system, changes brain chemistry

18. Psychoactive Drugs

19. Trends in Drug Use

20. Perceived Marijuana Risk ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Used marijuana

21. Influences on Drug Use zOverall Stats yAlcohol is #1, but use is down yCig. Smoking is down, but rebounding in teens yTeen drug use is increasing zBiological yInherited predisposition yExcitable, impulsive risk becoming users zPsychological and Cultural yLife is meaningless/direct ionless yStressful situations ySpecific cultures yPeer influence

22. Prevention and Treatment zEducation zBoost Self-Esteem zModify Peer Influence

23. Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug- induced hallucinations

24. Near Death Experiences zPossible causes yOxygen deprivation results in vision of tunnel yTemporal lobe seizure yExtreme monotony and/or isolation z15% of Americans zVision depends on culture zMany result in changes in personality

25. Near-Death Experiences  Dualism (near death experiences are proof of immortality)  the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact  Monism  the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing  Afterlife involves resurrection of the body  Death is real – we need bodies