1. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 1 CCSB354 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AI Debates Instructor: Alicia Tang Y. C.

2. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 2 AI PROGRAMS Contain knowledge for reasoning Attack problems in no general algorithm but heuristic Ability to provide solution in the absence of some data ( incompleteness of data)

3. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 3 CRITERIA REFLECTING DEGREE OF “UNDERSTANDING” The capacity to respond to questions in an appropriate manner The capacity to paraphrase a statement, explaining its meaning in other term The ability to make inferences, that is to give consequences The successful passing of the Turing test for “intelligence”

4. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 4 Artificial Intelligence: PROs To pass the “Turing Test”. –can fool the interrogator: deemed to have passed the test –can reasonably be said to think –Interrogator devised questions of a probing nature to reveal whether or not actual understanding has occurred –so, if computer passed the test  it can indeed ‘understanding’

5. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 5 n Conscious Presence. –successful passing of a ‘Turing Test’ is a valid indication of the presence of thought, intelligence and understanding n Colby: Psychotherapist. –K.M.Colby which simulates a psychotherapist so successfully that many patients find that they prefer the computer to a human therapist. –computer exhibits intelligent behavior Artificial Intelligence: PROs

6. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 6 n Chess playing. –computer can win! –this is a thinking game, so computer can actually think and win game. –perfect/good simulation of thought is thought. n Mind-stuff. –supporters of strong AI claim that whenever the algorithms run, it would, in itself experiencing feelings, and have a consciousness and be a mind. Artificial Intelligence: PROs

7. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 7 n No one would suggest that neurons, whose firing constitute the physical activities of a brain would themselves understand what the person thinking. So, why do we aspect the algorithm steps understanding what the whole program was doing??? Thought is just a functional description of someone having belief, etc. is just like description of computers in terms of the programming constructs they are processing! Artificial Intelligence: PROs so, AI is possible

8. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 8 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBJECTIONS Computer: just a piece of symbol and number crunching machine, does not amount to ‘understanding’. Thought <> Program Execution. How can computers experience dread, pain, etc.? How can computers experience the scent of carnation, fragrance?

9. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 9 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBJECTIONS Searl maintains his claim that there is a distinction between human brains and electronic computers. He claims that biological objects(brains) can have intentionality and semantics whereas the electronic ones cannot have those attributes. Pearl bombs that: –Produce sensible results does not constitute REAL understanding.

10. UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL 10 FURTHER TOPICS (for your research) PENROSE’S ARGUMENTS PEARL’S CHINESE ROOM GODEL’S THEOREM TURING MACHINE COMPLEXITY THEORY