3. Small hydro sites hydrology: Optimum capacity screening and estimation of fish habitat requirements. Charles D. D. Howard Senior Advisor Charles Howard & Associates Limited www.cddhoward.com

5. How Accurate is the Estimated Energy? Optimizing Installed Capacity for Small Hydro on Ungauged Streams Is the site a good investment opportunity, or a risky venture? Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng. How much water to leave for environment?

6. Hydrology Considerations Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng. Development of the flood frequency curve. Matching the penstock-turbine-generator set. Calculation of the energy capability. Economic optimisation of installed capacity. Assess impact of development on instream habitat The time series hydrograph: often unknown flows.

7. 1.The simulated hydrograph of hourly or daily flows. The watershed model provides opportunities to explore the sensitivity of hydrologic sequences to factors such as tree cover, soil types, land slopes, and the range of elevation. A particular watershed can easily be “transposed” to a different climate to show the relative importance of watershed and climate parameters. Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng.

8. How Accurate is the Hydrology? Two methods for estimating discharge: 1.Regression (compare with similar stream). 2.Hydrology model (use topo and weather). Hydrology of Ungaged Streams Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng.

9. Regression analysis method based on assumed similar stream

10. Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng. Streamflow Comparison: actual and estimated

11. Hydrology of Ungaged Streams Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng. How risky is the investment?

12. Energy production depends on how much of the streamflow will be used, and how much will be spilled. Energy from Ungauged Streams Accuracy of the energy estimate depends on installed capacity. Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng.

15. Look into using the hydrologic model in IMP Optimizing Installed Capacity for Small Hydro on Ungauged Streams Hydrology should not be “assumed” Hydrology is a basic requirement. Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng.

16. The Integrated Method for Power IMP IMP considers: Elevation rangesElevation ranges Topographic differencesTopographic differences Climate differences with locations and elevationClimate differences with locations and elevation Forest cover and soilsForest cover and soils Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng.

17. 2.IMP flood frequency curve. In addition to providing an estimate of the flood frequency curve the method in IMP provides an opportunity to gain understanding of the practical role played by approximations and guestimates. Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng.

18. Flood Frequency – snow and rain contributions RainSnow Combined Observed

19. 3.The Power Study Model Selection of the penstock-turbine- generator set that best suits the site. Develop the data for a trade-off curve between reservoir capacity and costs, and generating capacity and costs. The model shows the relationship between energy output and the penstock capacity and identifies the maximum energy that can be developed from a given penstock diameter and material.

20. Optimized installed capacity Optimum capacity = 16 MW Marginal cost = marginal benefit

21. 4.Instream Habitat for Fish Gain an understanding of how new hydraulic conditions can simultaneously degrade and improve habitat, depending on species and life stage, and the hydrograph.

22. Channel shape affects habitat potential

23. Species & life stage of fish determines habitat requirements

24. Combination of fish and channel shape determine how discharge affects habitat.

25. power canal Reduced flow in bypass reach affects fish Canal intakes Near Kunming, SW China canal

26. Stream discharge changes determine habitat impact Discharge Habitat area Date

27. Hydrology Considerations Charles D. D. Howard, P. Eng. Development of the flood frequency curve. Matching the penstock-turbine-generator set. Calculation of the energy capability. Economic optimisation of installed capacity. Assess impact of development on instream habitat The time series hydrograph: often unknown flows.

28. Thank you for listening.

29. Small hydro sites hydrology: Optimum capacity screening and estimation of fish habitat requirements. Charles D. D. Howard Senior Advisor Charles Howard & Associates Limited www.cddhoward.com