1. Future of Urbanisation

2. Cities will become more populated
By cities will have pop of 1m+
Urban Planners must ensure proper development

3. Well planned cities include
Intensive land use
Good public transport
Urban zoning to minimise distance between residential and industrial areas
Counter Urbanisation

4. Counter urbanisation
Cities of the future

5. Counter Urbanisation
Occurs when people and business leave urban areas to relocate in smaller towns and villages
First happened in USA
Ireland it began as slum clearances from the cities in the 1940s and relocation of people to new suburban housing schemes to new town in the 1960s
Today it’s a voluntary movement of people

6. Reasons for:
Environmental and social problems in cities. Encourage people to move to rural areas as it offers greater space and community spirit
High prices in urban areas force buyers to locate outside the city
Growth of out of town retail, industries and business parks encourage people to live close to home

7. Reason for:
4. Improvement in rural transport infrastructure and increased car ownership allow more freedom of choice
5. Growth in communication technology has allowed more people to work from home
6. Social reasons: older people may retire to a quiet place and young people might move to raise children

8. Impact of counter urbanisation1.
House prices in rural areas have increased as city people earn a higher wage and can afford more. May force young local people from the areas to move as they cant afford prices. 2.
Shops and services find they have to change to meet the needs of new population: pubs become restaurants
Business may also expand due to the arrival of new consumer base 3.
As a large percentage of people commute to work, traffic congestion increases. The problem is made worse by narrow country roads. 4.
The identity of rural areas is lost as new residents often commute and have little time to socialise in the area. Sense of community may change or disappear

9. Rochfortbridge, Co. Westmeath
Rapidly expanding town with population of 1,700
Located on M6 (commuter town)
Council rezoned 67 hectares and catered for further 2,200 people
Since 2004 three new housing estates and shopping complex have been built
New business are opening on a regular basis

10. Rochfortbridge, Co. Westmeath
Towns sewerage system has capacity to deal with 1500 is being expended to cater for 5000
Still a major lack of services
Mullingar is the nearest employment centre (9miles north)
No dedicated bus from Rochfortbridge to Mullingar

11. Sustainable Living and Cities of the Future
Sustainable living is a way of life that attempts to reduce an individual or society's use of natural resources so they can be available for future generations
Minimise impact on environment
Many cities live beyond their means= ecological footprint being quite large
Cities cover 2% of the earths surface and use 75% of the earths resources

12. Sustainable Living and Cities of the Future
People becoming more aware of damage leading to global warming and climate change
For sustainability to exist decisions need to be based on the idea that society, economy and the environment are integrated parts of the global system

13. Sustainable Living and Cities of the Future
On average:
Cities release 80% of carbon dioxide emissions
Cities use 75% of the worlds industrial wood
Cities use 60% of the worlds freshwater
Cities use 80% of the worlds fossil fuels

14. Ecological Footprint
Indicates how much productive land and sea is needed to provided the resources
Calculates the emissions generated from the oil, coal, and gas we burn
Determines how much land is required to absorb our waste

15. Ecological Footprints
Methods
How it reduces ecological footprint
Green roofs
Reduces electricity consumption in air conditioning and reduces CO2. harvests rainwater to prevent runoff to rivers
Hexagonal-shaped buildings
Reduces space used by city minimising urban sprawl
Use renewable energy
Lowers CO2 emissions from urban areas from sources such as public lighting. Solar panels can be used for hot water. Solar powered signposts save energy
Pedestrian zones
Less space required for roads, less fossil fuels used in road materials. Reduce noise and air pollution. Trees planted
Non fossil fuelled public transport
Reduces CO2 emissions. Reduces pollution.

16. Green Roofs

17. Cities of the Future
City dwellers make up half of the worlds population but generated three quarters of its pollution
Urbanisation will speed up the rate of environmental damage
Development of green cities and eco cities i.e. Vancouver, Canada
Goals: include improving air quality, reduce electricity used providing clean transportation etc.

18. Cities of the Future
In Chicago city officials decided to replace black tar roof on a government buildings with planted gardens
Aim to reduce energy costs, improve water quality
Tar roofs could reach 76°C reduced by 30°C
Hot dry climates buildings painted white

19. Vancouver, Canada 100 year plan for clean and green living
Hydroelectric energy to make 90% of its power supply
Aims to use wind, solar, wave and tidal energy to provide future power requirements
Introduce solar powered waste compactors around the city (5times as much waste)
Reduces the need to use trucks reducing pollution

20. Malmo, Sweden
World leading in reducing CO2 emissions (most electricity nuclear and hydropower)
Plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25%by 2012
Western harbour area used to be a shipyard now urban area
100% homes and business powered by renewable energy

21. Malmo, Sweden
Buildings constructed with sustainable materials and are energy efficient
Streets are pedestrian
40% of commuters travel by bike

22. Shangai, China
2007 government began to build worlds first brand new eco city on Chongming Island called Dongtan
Will ban all fossil fuelled cars even most advanced hybrids
Will have canals for waterways
People will travel using electric cars or bikes

23. Shangai, China
Buildings will be constructed to highest environmental standards
Will recycle as much as possible including waste water
Grow its own food and produce energy in non polluting ways
Energy creation will be achieved by wind, solar and burning waste
By 2050 population expected to be half a million