1. Metternich Falls SSSStudents rioted in Austria Metternich tries and fails to silence them Metternich flees the country. AAAAustrian emperor promised reform. IIIIn Budapest, Hungarian nationalists led by Louis Kossuth demanded an independent government. HHHHe called for an end to serfdom and a written constitution to protect basic rights. RRRRussians helped Austrian forces to smash the rebels in Budapest many were imprisoned, executed, or forced to exile.

2. Turmoil in the German States  University students passionately demanded national unity and liberal reforms.  Workers destroyed the machines that threatened their livelihood, while peasants burned the homes of wealthy landowners.  Liberals forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a constitution written by an elected assembly.  He issued his own constitution keeping power in his own hands or those of the upper classes.

3. Revolution in Italy  Nationalists wanted to end domination of Italy by the Austrian Hapsburgs.  Workers suffering economic hardships demanded more radical changes.  Revolutionaries expelled the Pope from Rome and installed a nationalist government.  A French army restored the Pope to power in Rome.