1. OTHER GROUPS DURING THE AGE OF JACKSON

2. Immigration  Until 1850, most immigrants coming to America came from northern and western Europe  Especially Ireland and Germany Many of the Germans were Jewish as well Scandinavians, Dutch, Swiss, and English also large groups  Settled in the North and West because of economic opportunities in those areas  At this point there weren’t many restrictions on immigration because of the need for workers in industry

3. Characteristics of Immigration  Reasons for Immigrations  Between 1845 and 1850, millions of Irish came to the US because of the potato famine (mass starvation due to failure of potato crop)  German came seeking peace after the failed revolution of 1848  Most came for better economic possibilities  Areas of Settlement  Irish stayed in northeastern cities  Many Germans went west to start farms (Scandinavians as well)

4. Characteristic continued  Problems  These new immigrants faced hostility from “native” Americans Feared economic competition Some resented the immigrants Catholic or Jewish religions (country was mostly Protestant)  Strong Nativism developed which was an anti-immigrant feeling People started the “Know Nothing” party to support a nativist program Wanted to restrict immigration  Contributions  Irish workers helped build the railroads and worked in the northern factories  Germans and Scandinavians brought new farming techniques and new ideas on education

5. Native Americans  As American settlers kept moving west in the 1800s it led to increased conflict with Native Americans  N.A.s tried different ways to save their land and culture  In early 1800s two Shawnee brothers, Prophet and Tecumseh, started a Pan-Indian movement but it died with Was of 1812  Seneca named Handsome Lake urged the Iroquois to adopt lifestyle of temperance, education, farming, and pease – called cultural revitalization  1813 Creeks attacked settlers in Georgia and Alabama but were defeated at Horseshoe Bend, Alabame Opened up the southwest to settlement  Cherokees tried to use cultural adaptation to survive Combined elements of Native American and European culture, such as a written constitution.

6. Removal Policy  Federal government tried treaties and force to move N.A.s west of the Mississippi  Treaties were scams because N.A.s were forced to give up land promised by previous treaties  In 1830s Jackson began his removal policy to get them to go west of the Mississippii  In 1832, the Cherokee took Georgia to court to prevent them from taking their land Worcester v. Georgia Marshall ruled that Georgia had no authority in matter In 1838 the Army put the Cherokee on a forced march known as the Trail of Tears  The Seminole in Florida also fought removal Fought the Second Seminole War Many stayed in Florida  By 1840s, only few groups of N.A.s still lived in East