2. Bell Ringer # 8 Elements The Periodic Table is made of _________. What is the Atomic Number? What is the name of the element? What is the atomic mass? What is the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons?

3. 3D Bohr Model 3D Bohr Model Due Date: 9/28 – 1 Test Grade You will create a 3D model of an element of your choice with the exception of H, C, and Cl. (up to element 28) Must include the following information: –A title for the element –Correct number of protons, electrons, and neutrons –A symbol sheet –Be 3D The symbol sheet should have the same set up as the example in the back of the book: –Atomic Number –Symbol –Name of element –Atomic mass

4. Van der Waals Forces a. When molecules are close together a weak attraction b/t oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. Example is the gecko. What are some everyday products that demonstrate Van Der Waals Forces? Glue and cosmetics products

5. How can insects and reptiles walk on water? Their feet have toes with fringes (pom-poms). Every time the lizard slaps its foot down an air pocket forms above their feet preventing the animal for sinking.

6. Water(H20) and Its Properties a.70% plus of living organism are made up of water b. Polar covalent molecule - when the charges are unevenly distributed (this is why water is polar). Note: The hydrogen's are bonded to the oxygen. Tug of war: one big one small

7. Hydrogen bonding a. The attraction between the hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule. b. cohesion - the ability of water to stick to water (ex. Surface tension - animals walking on water and capillary action - xylem tubes in plants) c. Adhesion - the ability of water to stick to other materials(graduated cylinder meniscus)

8. Properties of Water Exercise Materials- transparency slip, dropper with water As each property is presented, follow the instructions in the bubble

9. 1. Hydrophobic interaction when non-polar molecules cluster together in the presence of a polar substance Ex. oil in water- oil is non-polar but water is polar Add a drop of oil onto the transparency slip What do you observe? Add a drop of water on top of the oil What do you observe?

10. water can absorb a large amount of heat before vaporizing. due to high specific heat ex. 1. stabilizing the earth temp. 2. add water to radiator High “heat of vaporization” ex. sweating 2. Temperature stabilization

11. 3. Cohesion cohesion - the ability of water to stick to water ex. Surface tension - animals walking on water Add another drop of water somewhere on the transparency slip What do you observe? Add another drop on top of that drop What do you observe?

12. 4. Adhesion c. adhesion- the ability of water to stick to other materials(graduated cylinder meniscus) Place the tip of the eye dropper into the drop of water Slowly remove the tip What do you observe?

13. 5. Capillary Action d. capillary action- combination of cohesion and adhesion (ex. xylem tubes in plants and drinks in straws) Place the tip of the eye dropper into the drop of water Slowly remove the tip What do you observe?

14. Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions. a. Mixture - a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together, but not chemically. - Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture gases. List 3 of your own examples of mixtures: _____________, _______________, _________________

16. There are two types of mixtures involving water. Solutions - when ions gradually become dispersed in water. -Solute - the substance dissolved. -Solvent - the substance in which the solute dissolves. Suspensions - materials that do not dissolve in water, but are separated into smaller pieces that do not settle (blood).

20. Match the Structure to its Macromolecule Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid A B C D

21. ENZYMES 2-4 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

22. Chemical reactions need help to get started. Ex: A fire needs a match to get it started. http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

23. Remember, proteins can be enzymes and are 3D in shape When amino acids come together they form a peptide bond. Multiple bonds are called polypeptide bonds.

24. ______________ to get a chemical reaction _______________ = ________________________ Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved ACTIVATION ENERGY REACTANTS PRODUCTS ACTIVATION ENERGY Energy required STARTED

25. Energy In Reactions Exergonic are chemical reactions that release energy occur spontaneously (without prompting) Endergonic are chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy. Check Your Understanding:Check Your Understanding: How would you compare the energy of the products and reactants in the two types of reaction graphs? Which type of graph reaction is more likely to be spontaneous? Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Energy-Absorbing Rxn. Energy-Releasing Rxn. Activation Energy Products Reactants Products Activation Energy EAR-the products have more energy than the reactants. ERR- the products have less energy than the reactants. An energy releasing reaction

26. ___________ HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS _______________ Catalysts work by ____________ the ___________________________to get a chemical reaction started. Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DECREASING CATALYSTS ACTIVATION ENERGY required HAPPEN FASTER

27. IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL Once it gets to top... it can roll back all by itself http://www.gifs.net

28. CATALYSTS in Living Things In living systems __________ that ________________to control chemical reactions are called = _________ Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12 SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE PROTEINS act as catalysts ENZYMES

29. PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES SUBSTRATE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX PRODUCTS ENZYME Unchanged & Reusable ENZYME Image modified from: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next

30. Click HERE to learn more about enzymesHERE ENZYMES _____ like a _______________ to only _________of _________. Enzymes are ___________ by the reaction and ___________ LOCK AND KEY REUSABLE UNCHANGED FIT ONE KIND SUBSTRATE http://www.grand-illusions.com/images/articles/toyshop/trick_lock/mainimage.jpg

31. FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY __________ & ______________ Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC or TOO HOT cause proteins to ________ or _________ pH temperature UNWIND DENATURE http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpghttp://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg See a movie Choose narrated

32. Denaturing _______ the _______ of the ______________ so enzyme ______________ to ______ ______ Image modified from: http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html _______________ (keeping pH and temperature constant) is ______________ for maintaining ____________________ HOMEOSTASIS changesshape ACTIVE SITE CAN’T BIND SUBSTRATE IMPORTANT ENZYME FUNCTION

33. Many enzyme NAMES end in _____ and the beginning of the name tells what it does DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA Protease= breaks down proteins ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP -ASE

34. MAKE CONNECTIONS How is the SHAPE of an enzyme related to its FUNCTION? http://www.gb-sports.co.uk/zoggsfinz.jpg http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/img/misc/construction/hammer-animation.gif

36. C. Isotopes 1. When atoms of the same element differ in the # of neutrons they contain (still contain the same # of electrons).

37. Isotopes

38. Symbolic Notation (Shorthand): Atomic Symbols K  Element Symbol 39 19 Mass number → Atomic number 

39. Bell Ringer #16 Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things? a.carbohydratesc.nucleic acids b.lipidsd.proteins Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins? a.store and transmit heredity b.help to fight disease c.control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes d.build tissues such as bone and muscle

40. Organic Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain Section 2-3 Concept Map CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats, oils, and waxes NucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, To provide energyStore energy Function isUsed forFunction is Stores genetic information Cell structure And Reaction rates

41. Bellringer #17 How many electrons are found in each layer of the electron cloud? (energy levels) How do you determine the number of neutrons in an element?

42. Organic Compound Activity Label the outside folds with Organic Compound names. Include all information from Concept Map At least 2 examples of each. Draw pictures For Proteins include the general structure of an amino acid (label) and 1 other example. For Carbohydrates include the ratio.