1. Romanticism

2. Karl Blechen, Gorge at Amalfi

3. J. Burrell Smith, Waterfall on River Neath, South Wales

4. C. D. Friedrich, The Abbey in the Oakwood

5. Picturesque searching for complex relationships between form and colour in landscape and architecture as opposed to tame landscapes and Classical proportion in buildings.

6. J. M. W. Turner, The Lake of Thun, Switzerland

7. C.D. Friedrich, Morgennebel im Gebirge

8. J. M. W. Turner, Snow Storm, Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps

9. C.D. Friedrich, The Wanderer above the Mists

10. C. D. Friedrich, Sea of Ice

11. C. D. Friedrich, The Cross on the Mountain

12. J. M. W. Turner, Fishermen upon a lee-shore in squally weather

13. Admiration of nature as ample scene for meditation, vast landscapes expose the transitoriness of man’s control over nature, relate to the unconscious. Nature becomes an object of reverence rather than exploitation. Natural descriptions prompt moral reflections on the human situation. James Thomson: ‘I know no subject more elevating, more amusing, more ready to awake the poetical enthusiasm, the philosophical reflection, and the moral sentiment, than the works of Nature. Where can we meet with such variety, such beauty, such magnificence? All that enlarges and transports the soul?’ The emergence of the natural scene is at the same time the discovery of new metaphors for the power of mind. The movement away from a poetry of social reality is a movement toward less conscious aspects of the mind. the artfully designed garden landscape with purpose built miniature temples or shrines a search for authentic images of nature that are too vast or free to be controlled by man, e.g. an Alpine scenery a passion for ancient or medieval ruins. The result: on the one hand what Johnson calls ‘a flattering notion of self-sufficiency’, on the other hand a sense of human limitation.

14. C.D. Friedrich, Monastery Graveyard in the Snow

15. C.D. Friedrich, Graveyard under Snow

16. Death and mortality the graveyard as a typical site for nocturnal meditation on the nature of death and decay Graveyard Poets: –Edward Young, The Complaint: or Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality (1742-46) –Thomas Gray, ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ (1751).

17. Henry Fuseli, The Silence

18. J. H. Fuseli, Lady Macbeth with the Daggers

19. Henry Fuseli, Nightmare

20. Mental illness William Cowper, ‘Lines Written During a Period of Insanity’ (1763) ‘The Castaway’ (1799): ‘Day and night I was upon the rack, lying down in horrors and rising up in despair.’

21. J. P. Pettit, Armageddon

22. W. Blake, Satan, Sin and Death – Satan Comes to the Gates of Hell

23. G. Stubbs, A Lion Attacking a Horse

24. Poetic visions prophetic poetry (as opposed to logical arguments) Thomas Gray, ‘The Bard’ (1755-57) William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793)

25. W. T. Maud, The Ride of the Valkyries

26. John Martin, The Bard

27. Medieval revival interest in the remains of medieval culture: –Ruins –Gothic architecture –ballads and epic poems –James Macpherson, Ossian (1765) –Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) –Thomas Chatterton’s fake medieval lyrics and ballads.