1. 18 April 2008

2.  Mostly occur in the north temperate regions  Only 1 family occurs in the New World Tropics  Plethodontidae – the lungless salamanders  Respire through skin/mucous membranes  Mostly forest dwellers, not very aquatic  Smooth, moist skin  Four appendages, tail

3.  Bolitoglossa mexicana  a.k.a. “Black-and-gold salamander”  Moderately large (150 mm)  Toes fully webbed  Yellow/rust spots  Inactive during dry periods  Found in rotten logs, etc. http://www.uta.edu/biology/campb ell/herpetology/ccampbell3.jpg

4.  Bolitoglossa rufescens  a.k.a. “Common dwarf salamander”  Small species (65 mm)  Digits fully webbed  Pale brown/tan  Dark brown streak behind eyes to mid-back http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/128x192/1111_1111/1111/7803.jpeg http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/imgs/12 8x192/1111_1111/1111/5203.jpeg

5.  “Jumping and hopping” amphibians  Hind limbs elongate and well-developed  Males with vocal slits  External fertilization (in most anurans)  In all Belizean toads/frogs  Habitat use and appearance determine whether it is called a frog or a toad

6.  “True toads”  Occur in most tropical and sub-tropical areas  Usually squat-bodied  Hopping rather than jumping  Skin warty, glandular, dry to the touch  Parotoid glands behind eyes

7.  Bufo marinus  a.k.a. “Giant toad”  Large toad (150 mm)  Sexually dimorphic  Males reddish with spiny tubercles  Females pale grey/mottled with rounded tubercles http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/herps/Frogs_and_T oads/B_marinus/Bufo_marinus.jpg http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/images/nature_c onservation/cane_toad.jpg

8.  Bufo valliceps  Moderate size (70 mm)  Large triangular parotoid glands  Skin warty, rough  Coloration variable http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/ Unit180/Images/BufoValliceps.jpg http://www.hartmanprehistoricgarden.com/sp-bufo1.jpg Class photo 

9.  Chirping, climbing, foam, leaf-litter, and stream frogs  Widespread in Americas  Large variety  Large to small  Smooth skinned to warty, toad-like  Genus Eleutherodactylus contains >500 spp.  Largest genus of tetrapods

10.  Eleutherodactylus laticeps  Broad-headed leaf-litter frog  Dorso-lateral glandular ridges  50-80 mm  Small toe discs  Minor webbing between toes http://portal.isis.org/partners/AARK/YOTF%2 0Campaign%20Pack%20images/Eleutherod actylus%20cf%20suetus,%20Ranas,%20Fran cisco%20José%20López.jpg

11.  Eleutherodactylus chac  “Chac’s leaf-litter frog”  X or hourglass shape on back  30 mm  Variable color http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/webimages/0/ 29000/0/29094_sml.jpg http://web.viu.ca/belize/images/amphibian%20images/mayanfrogsmall.JPG

12.  Eleutherodactylus rugulosus  “Long-legged stream frog”  50 mm  Well-developed toe pads  Interorbital bar  Found near streams http://www.weimer-eurprobiol.de/frog37.jpg

13.  Leptodactylus melanonotus  “Fringe-toed foamfrog”  Color highly variable  Thick glandular skin  40 mm http://www.eitangrunwald.com/CR703/CR7 03Web2/7705Eleutherodactylus_sp.jpg http://www.puce.edu.ec/zoologia/vertebrados/amphibiawebec/especies/anura/leptod actylidae/melanonotus/melanonotus29621_g.gif Class photo 

14. WHITE-LIPPED FOAMFROG  Leptodactylus labialis  Two phases (white, red) Class photos

15.  Physalaemus pustulosus  Extremely tuberculate skin  Resembles some toads  30 mm  Lacks toe pads  Dorsal mottling variable http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/herpet ology/acampbell32.jpg

16.  Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia…  Greatest diversity in Americas  Adaptations for arboreality  Large finger discs  Much cartilage between last 2 phalanges

17.  Agalychnis callidryas  Bright red iris; bright green/yellow body pattern  Widespread, abundant  60 mm  Pointed snout  Long, slender limbs  Walk, not leap  Vertical pupils Class photo

18.  Agalychnis moreletii  Dorsum leaf green, venter cream/yellow  Iris deep purple/black  Restricted distribution  65 mm  Slender limbs  Large toe pads  Vertical pupils http://www.arkive.org/media/89/896F89F6-670C-4B57- A0E4-7A44373A2F12/Presentation.Large/photo.jpg

19.  Hyla bromeliacia  Dorsum pale brown, black flecks  Snout pointed  Skin smooth  Large toe pads  Partial webbing  30 mm http://www.authenticmaya.com/images/Hyla_bromeliacia_small.jpg

20.  Hyla ebraccata  “Hourglass treefrog”  30 mm  Snout truncate  Smooth skin  Forearms robust  Large toe pads  Partial webbing http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2007 /06/09/hourglass-treefrog/

21.  Hyla loquax  “Loquacious treefrog”  Snout broadly rounded  40 mm  Toes webbed (nearly fully)  Dorsum variable with flecks  Iris reddish tan http://users.dickinson.edu/~bo backs/photos/loqax.jpg http://www.rarimages.com/BelizeImages/Amphibi ans/tn_MahoganyTreefrog(Hyla_loquax)1001.jpg

22.  Hyla microcephala  Snout somewhat pointed  25 mm  Partial webbing  Dark dorsal markings form H or X  Venter mostly white http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/herpet ology/acampbell24.jpg

23.  Hyla picta  “Painted treefrog”  Snout rounded  Toe pads small  20 mm  Yellowish with dark flecks  Stripe from snout through eye http://www.andrewgray.com/projectanuran/ SpeciesPages/Hyla%20picta.htm

24.  Phrynohyas venulosa  “Milky treefrog”  90 mm  Large toe pads  Partial webbing  Pale brown with dark blotches  Chin, throat, belly white Class photo

25.  Scinax staufferi  25 mm  Snout pointed and protruding  Vestigial webbing  Stripe through eye  Pale brown dorsum  White, cream venter Class photo

26.  Smilisca baudinii  Baudin’s treefrog  65 mm  Loud, raucous call  Smooth skin  Large digital pads  Irregular dorsal splotches Class photo

27.  Smilisca cyanosticta  60 mm  Snout rounded  Smooth skin  Limbs long, robust  Coloring variable with environment  Time of day, temp. http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/herpet ology/acampbell28.jpg

28.  Triprion petasatus  Unusual head shape  Skin co-ossified  60 mm  Dark green with dark flecks  Transverse bars on limbs  Iris gold http://www.dkimages.com/discover/preview s/936/15005809.JPG http://www.uta.edu/biology/campbell/herpet ology/acampbell29.jpg

29.  Thin, translucent skin covering the belly  Finger/toe pads  Superficially resemble treefrogs (Hylidae)  Pupil horizontal

30.  Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni  “Northern glassfrog”  22 mm  Iris gold  Dark melanophores on dorsum Class photos

31.  Campbell – Amphibians and Reptiles of Northern Guatemala, the Yucatan and Belize.  Beletsky – Travellers’ Wildlife Guides – Belize and Northern Guatemala.