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Learning perspectives: Lecture #3 topics start keeping a dream diary! classical conditioning (Pavlov) conditioned emotional responses operant conditioning (Skinner) schedules of reinforcement superstitious behaviours observational learning (Bandura) the Bobo doll experiment (1965)
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Learning perspectives personality: consists of all the associations we have learned over life emphasis on external, not internal, factors emphasis on situational specificity
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Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936)
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Classical conditioning
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stage 1: unconditioned stimulus (US) unconditioned response (UR) → → → URUS
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Classical conditioning stage 2: conditioned stimulus (CS) + unconditioned stimulus (US) (US) food salivation (UR)
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Classical conditioning stage 3: conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) (US) food salivation (UR) bell + food
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Classical conditioning stage 4: present conditioned stimulus (CS) alone
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Classical conditioning higher-order conditioning: conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (US) unconditioned response (UR) (US) food salivation (UR) bell + food (CS) bell salivation (CR)
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Classical conditioning generalization gradient:
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Classical conditioning 1500 Hz tonetrial 6: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 5: 1500 Hz tonetrial 4: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 3: 1500 Hz tonetrial 2: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 1:
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Classical conditioning salivationtonetrial 6: salivationtonetrial 5: salivationtonetrial 4: salivationtone + foodtrial 3: salivationtone + foodtrial 2: salivationtone + foodtrial 1:
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Classical conditioning John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) Watson & Raynor
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Classical conditioning emotional conditioning: classical conditioning where the CRs are emotional reactions preferences reflect learned associations between neutral stimuli and good/ bad feelings e.g., business lunches & break-upsbreak-ups
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Classical conditioning (US) ex-bf -ve feelings (UR) “Berger” + ex-bf (CS) “Berger” -ve feelings (CR) “Berger”
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Classical conditioning phobias: unrealistic fears of something, ranging from mild to severe e.g., girl with a pickle phobiagirl with a pickle phobia treatment includes:
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Classical conditioning systematic desensitization: involves counterconditioning responses that are incompatible with anxiety (e.g., deep muscle relaxation) steps:
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Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949)
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Operant conditioning law of effect (Thorndike): if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs, the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur.
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Operant conditioning stimulus: response: consequence:
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Operant conditioning reinforcers: strengthen the tendency to perform a response e.g., biological needs (food, water); social needs (approval, acceptance) punishers: aversive outcomes that reduce the tendency to perform a response
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reinforcement: positive reinforcement _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., pay Johnny $5 after he cleans his room negative reinforcement _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., stop playing loud music so your roommate is nice to you Operant conditioning
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punishment: positive punishment _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., spank Johnny for talking back to you negative punishment _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., time-outs
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Operant conditioning
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schedules of reinforcement: continuous schedules every response is reinforced partial schedules responses are reinforced only some of the time Operant conditioning
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ratio schedules: a certain # of responses must occur before reinforcement is delivered fixed ratio: variable ratio:
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Operant conditioning interval schedules: reinforcement depends on how much TIME has passed since last reinforcement fixed interval: variable interval:
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Operant conditioning discrimination: occurs when there is differential responding to different stimuli discriminative stimulus: accounts for situational specificity of behaviour
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Operant conditioning
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superstitious behaviour: develops because of an accidental relationship between a response and reinforcement e.g., wearing a red shirt to your exams for “luck”
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Observational learning Albert Bandura (1925 – )
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Observational learning observational learning: occurs when 1 person performs an act, and another person observes and acquires the ability to repeat the act
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Observational learning variables influencing observational learning: attention for encoding
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Observational learning retention production
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Observational learning performance
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acquisition vs. performance: Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1965) measured acquisition & spontaneous performance Observational learning
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Bandura (1965):
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