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1 www.yipsir.com.hk Yip sir ( 葉錦熙 ). 2 Learning 1. Behaviorism –Promoted by John B. Watson –View that psychology… should be an objective science study.

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Presentation on theme: "1 www.yipsir.com.hk Yip sir ( 葉錦熙 ). 2 Learning 1. Behaviorism –Promoted by John B. Watson –View that psychology… should be an objective science study."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 www.yipsir.com.hk Yip sir ( 葉錦熙 )

2 2 Learning 1. Behaviorism –Promoted by John B. Watson –View that psychology… should be an objective science study behavior not mental processes

3 3 Learning Defined 1. Learning –relatively permanent change in an behavior due to experience 2.Associative Learning –learning that two events occur together either two stimuli or a response and its consequences

4 4 Association Learning to associate two events Event 1 Event 2 Seal learns to expect a snack for its show-off behavior

5 5 Two Kinds of Associative Learning 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant Conditioning

6 6 Classical Conditioning We learn to associate two stimuli Two related events: Lightning Stimulus 1 Thunder Stimulus 2 Result after repetition We see lightning Stimulus We wince anticipating thunder Response

7 7 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Ivan Pavlov –1849-1936 –Russian physician/ neurophysiologist –studied digestive secretions –invented Classical Conditioning

8 8 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

9 9 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 1.organism reacts to stimulus with a reflex – e.g., loud noise → flinch (reflex) 2.then, a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex –e.g., lift podium → loud noise → flinch 3.organism associates two stimuli –examples: lift podium and noise; lightning and thunder; tone and food, sound and stop 4.neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex ( lift podium, flinch)

10 10 Pavlov ’ s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

11 11 Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea)

12 12 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) NS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) CR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal)

13 13 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 1.Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –stimulus that automatically triggers a response 2.Unconditioned Response (UCR) –unlearned, automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth

14 14 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 1.Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –an originally neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an UCS and therefore triggers a conditioned response 2.Conditioned Response (CR) –learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

15 15 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 1.Acquisition –the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened

16 16 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Extinction –diminishing a conditioned response –occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

17 17 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning 1. Spontaneous recovery –reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response 2. Generalization –tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses

18 18 Little Albert’s Fear Conditioning UCS (loud noise) UCR (fear) NS (rat) CS (rat) CR (fear) UCS (loud noise) UCR (fear) Stimulus similar to rat (such as rabbit) Conditioned fear (generalization)

19 19 Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Discrimination –the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

20 20 Summary

21 21 Classical Conditioning: 1.BEFORE Conditioning: 2.NS 3.UCS  UCR 4.Conditioning: 5.NS 6.UCS  UCR 7.AFTER Conditioning: 8.CS  CR

22 22 Operant Conditioning: Behavior Consequence (???) (???) (???)

23 23 The end

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