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© Kip Smith, 2003 Beginning of Part 3: Nurture. © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are in the syllabus Part 1: Psychology - the science of mind and behavior Part.

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Presentation on theme: "© Kip Smith, 2003 Beginning of Part 3: Nurture. © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are in the syllabus Part 1: Psychology - the science of mind and behavior Part."— Presentation transcript:

1 © Kip Smith, 2003 Beginning of Part 3: Nurture

2 © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are in the syllabus Part 1: Psychology - the science of mind and behavior Part 2: Nature - how our evolutionary inheritance shapes behavior and brains and our capacity for language Part 3: Nurture - how our environment shapes mind and behavior

3 © Kip Smith, 2003 Nurture How our environment shapes mind and behavior Environments: Family Society Culture Peer groups Etc.

4 © Kip Smith, 2003 Topics in Part 3: Nurture Learning Classical conditioning Watson, Pavlov Operant conditioning Skinner Child development Piaget Ecological psychology Jimmy and Eleanor Gibson Social psychology Social perceptions and attitudes Social influences on behavior Peer pressure Personality

5 © Kip Smith, 2003 Chapter 4 Learning

6 © Kip Smith, 2003 For next time Do the PsychInquiry activity for Chapter 4 called Classically conditioned tastes Read Chapter 4

7 © Kip Smith, 2003 A Little History During the first half of the 20th century, psychology focused on overt behavior and was not concerned with what goes on inside the head The paradigm was called Behaviorism The focus of research was Learning

8 © Kip Smith, 2003 Behaviorism (1913 - 1956...) The goal of psychology “is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.” Watson, 1913 Psychology is “the science of observable behavior” Pavlov

9 © Kip Smith, 2003 Questions to ponder What is Learning? Why Learn?

10 © Kip Smith, 2003 Types of Learning Observational learning Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

11 © Kip Smith, 2003 Observational Learning Child takes gun to school, kills teachers & classmates Child routinely observes gunplay and violence on TV Child feels angry, hostile, or insecure

12 © Kip Smith, 2003 Associative learning Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning Operant (Skinnerian) conditioning

13 © Kip Smith, 2003 Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning

14 © Kip Smith, 2003 The behaviorist’s view of behavior Behavior Peck time Behavior Peck

15 © Kip Smith, 2003 Reinforcer Behavior Peck time Behavior Peck Reinforcer Food

16 © Kip Smith, 2003 Conditioning Behavior Peck Reinforcer Food Tone Conditioned Reinforcer time Behavior Peck

17 © Kip Smith, 2003 Evidence of learning Behavior Peck Tone Conditioned Reinforcer time Behavior Peck

18 © Kip Smith, 2003 Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms UnConditioned Stimulus UnConditioned Response Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response = UCS = UCR = NS = CS = CR

19 © Kip Smith, 2003 UCR Drool UCS Food Nothing Bell NS Pavlov’s Dogs 1 (Before Conditioning)

20 © Kip Smith, 2003 Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms UnConditioned Stimulus UnConditioned Response Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response = UCS = UCR = NS = CS = CR

21 © Kip Smith, 2003 NS ToneFood + Tone BEFORE Food UCR Drool UCS Food Pavlov’s Dogs 2 (During Conditioning) Drool CS BEFORE UCS !!

22 © Kip Smith, 2003 UCSUCR FoodDrool NS ToneFood + Tone CS Light Touch Drool CR Pavlov’s Dogs 3 (After Conditioning)

23 © Kip Smith, 2003 UCSUCR DrugNausea NS Nurse Nausea Drug + NurseNausea CRCS Chemotherapy Patients

24 © Kip Smith, 2003 UCSUCR KissArousal NS Onion breath Arousal Kiss + Onion breathArousal CRCS Tirrell’s Kiss

25 © Kip Smith, 2003 UCSUCR NoiseFear NS Rat Fear Noise + RatFear Bunny Dog CRCS Little Albert (Watson & Rayner)

26 © Kip Smith, 2003 Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms UnConditioned Stimulus UnConditioned Response Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response = UCS = UCR = NS = CS = CR

27 © Kip Smith, 2003 FYI: Classical Conditioning Terms Acquisition Initial learning Extinction Removal of CS => Suppression of CR Spontaneous Recovery Reappearance of a weakened CR Generalization Discrimination

28 © Kip Smith, 2003 Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning

29 © Kip Smith, 2003 Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning Associating behavior with its consequence shapes subsequent behavior Consequence Behavior Reinforcers

30 © Kip Smith, 2003 Two types of Reinforcers Reward Punishment “Law of Effect” Rewarded behavior is more likely to recur Punished behavior is less likely to recur Reward Punishment Behavior Consequence

31 © Kip Smith, 2003 Shaping A procedure in which reinforcers (rewards or punishments) gradually guide an animal’s behavior toward a desired behavior The animal associates its own behaviors with their consequences

32 © Kip Smith, 2003 Operant conditioning has two components: The consequence of the behavior is either having something given (positive) or having something taken away (negative) Based on the consequence, the behavior either continues (reinforcement) or decreases or stops (punishment)

33 © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive vs. Negative Positive if something is given Negative if something is taken away

34 © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive The animal receives something that it values Food Money Any incentive Reinforcement

35 © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive The animal receives something that it values Food Money Any incentive The animal receives something it dreads Pain Hardship Deprivation Reinforcement Punishment

36 © Kip Smith, 2003 Negative The animal has something it values taken away Food Money Any incentive Punishment

37 © Kip Smith, 2003 Negative The animal has something it values taken away Food Money Any incentive The animal has something it dreads taken away Pain Hardship Deprivation Reinforcement Punishment

38 © Kip Smith, 2003 Reinforcement vs. Punishment Reinforcement if the behavior continues Punishment if the behavior diminishes or stops

39 © Kip Smith, 2003 Reinforcement Doing something to encourage a behavior AND the behavior continues “Reinforcement rests on the principle that whenever something reinforces a particular activity of an organism, it increases the chances the organism will repeat the behavior.”

40 © Kip Smith, 2003 Punishment Doing something to discourage a behavior AND the behavior diminishes or stops Punishment rests on the principle that whenever something militates against a particular activity, it decreases the chances the activity will continue

41 The animal behaves, the consequence is something GIVEN The animal behaves, the consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Positive reinforcement: giving something desired (Ex: Giving a child a sticker for doing well on a test- the child continues to do well on tests) Positive punishment: giving something undesired (Ex: Yelling at your roommate for leaving the apartment a mess- and your roommate decreases her messy behavior) Negative reinforcement: taking away something undesired (Ex: A rat presses a lever to escape an electric shock - the rat will continue to press the lever) Negative punishment: taking away something desired (Ex: Taking away driving privileges after a DWI- and the person stops driving intoxicated) Behavior continues Behavior decreases or stops

42 © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something GIVEN Giving something desired (Ex: Giving a child a sticker for doing well on a test - the child continues to do well on tests) Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ? Behavior

43 © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something GIVEN Giving something desired Positive Reinforcement Behavior Behavior continues

44 © Kip Smith, 2003 Taking away something UNdesired (Ex: A rat presses a lever to escape an electric shock - the rat will continue to press the lever) Behavior Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ?

45 © Kip Smith, 2003 Taking away something UNdesired Negative Reinforcement Behavior Behavior continues Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY

46 © Kip Smith, 2003 Behavior Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Taking away something desired (Ex: Taking away driving privileges after a DWI- and the person stops driving intoxicated) Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ?

47 © Kip Smith, 2003 Behavior Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Taking away something desired Negative Punishment Behavior diminishes or stops

48 © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something GIVEN Giving something UNdesired (Ex: Late fees and finance charges on credit card bills - payments may become less tardy) Behavior Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ?

49 © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something GIVEN Giving something UNdesired Positive Punishment Behavior Behavior diminishes or stops

50 © Kip Smith, 2003 Group Discussion A teenager has a curfew of midnight. She continually comes home before her curfew. To reward her, her parents remove her curfew. The teenager continues to come home around midnight. What kind of conditioning is this?

51 © Kip Smith, 2003 Group Discussion A dog owner puts a collar on his dog that gives the dog a shock whenever it tries to leave the front yard. After a few attempts, the dog stops trying to leave the front yard. What kind of conditioning is this?

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