1. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Equipment Sanitary Design

2. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overall Design Equipment should be designed so that it is easy to clean and sanitize The equipment at right looks like it would be difficult to disassemble and clean.

3. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overall Design Closed-box construction should be avoided unless the seams can be hermetically sealed. Do you think this seam is adequately sealed to prevent moisture entry?

4. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overall Design Areas where any type of particle can get inside should have a wide enough access point for cleaning fluids to enter and drain out. This hole looks too small to allow for quick drainage This hole is large enough for cleaning brushes to penetrate and water to quickly drain.

5. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overall Design Crevices, overlapping parts, bolt threads, and other contamination collection points should be eliminated through simple uncluttered design. Is this hole necessary? Could this edge be better sealed? Bolt spacers are good sanitary design. They help to keep moisture away from threads

6. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overall Design Parts should be connected by smooth welds, or spacers and bolts with unexposed threads. These are collection points for soils and bacteria

7. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overall Design

8. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overall Design Equipment floor supports should be constructed to they will not accumulate soils. These are examples of poor sanitary design and construction Collection points for soils

9. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Porous Metal Porous materials such as this piece of aluminum are a potential breeding ground for bacteria. Stainless steel polished to a high level or the use of anodized or similar processed aluminum are acceptable.

10. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Corroded metal Corrosion introduces sites where soils can accumulate and bacteria can grow. They are almost impossible to clean and sanitize

11. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Build-up areas for soils A scratch on a piece of stainless steel acts as a harborage point for Listeria. An incorrectly designed piece of equipment provides sites for soils and bacteria to accumulate.

12. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Build-up areas for soils Collection points like this are unacceptable. Where buildup occurs harmful bacteria or allergens can accumulate.

13. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Build-up areas for soils This modified piece of food equipment provides places for harmful contaminants to hide. The best design is the original design.

14. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Connection joints Connections such as this one give many areas for contaminants to build up while keeping out cleaning solutions.

15. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Connection joints This connection does not provide adequate space for pressurized water to enter, but does provide a place for bacteria to hide and multiply.

16. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Connection joints The polished round spacers used with this connection joint keep food particles and bacteria from hiding and give plenty of places for water to wash out contaminants.

17. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Connection joints Another picture of the spacers from below. Acceptable connections need to be done using either smooth welds or use spacer connectors such as these.

18. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overlapping Parts Tight fittings provide excellent places for containments to hide, while making disinfecting difficult and almost impossible for cleaning crews to perform.

19. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overlapping Parts Wide-open mountings allow adequate room for pressurized water to force out any bacteria harboring food particles.

20. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overlapping Parts This particular design provides a removable tray for cleaning. The removable tray does not provide sufficient overlap to prevent food particles from entering the body of the piece of equipment.

21. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overlapping Parts This piece, in contrast, has a minimal-contact overlapping design which does not allow material to enter the equipment body during normal use.

22. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overlapping Parts Metal / plastic junction provides a site for soils to accumulate and is difficult to clean

23. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Overlapping Parts Overlapping surfaces of belt tensioner are not accessible

24. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Drainage – Equipment Edges Good design Poor design

25. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Drainage The drainage hole on the bottom of this piece of equipment gives a place for water and contaminants to drain The placement of a connecting piece with no spacers next to the drainage hole will ensure the buildup of bacteria.

26. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Drainage This design, on the other hand, provides for easy unobstructed draining.

27. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Drainage Another example of potential drainage problems. Although the drainage hole has been provided in the design, there are many obstructions where contaminants can be trapped.

28. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Wash Access Points Corners are almost completely closed on this piece of equipment Particles can get stuck allowing bacteria to grow Not enough room for cleaning solutions to enter and drain

29. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Wash Access Points Better corner Wide openings allow cleaners and sanitizers to enter and drain

30. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices The closed-box construction of the back of this piece of equipment, which is not hermetically sealed provides many small places for contaminants to enter but not enough area for cleaning fluids to enter and drainage to occur.

31. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices This particular design uses an open-back construction for a supporting piece. Since hermetically sealing a box is difficult and expensive, this type of design is preferred for its cleanability.

32. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices Interface between serial number plate and the equipment surface provides harborage sites Attachment screws make thorough cleaning impossible

33. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices The control panel on this piece of equipment has a crevice around the controller. This type of design is especially dangerous since the bacteria-harboring design is also a main point of contact for the user who is likely to touch (and contaminate) food after using this panel.

34. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices The corner construction on this piece of equipment is particularly bad. A supporting piece of welded bar steel provides a point for food material to hide and bacteria to grow.

35. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices The shock absorber shown here is yet another point for contaminants to hide.

36. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices The shock absorber shown cannot be easily removed and replaced without tools. It also is not adequately sealed and is not made of non- porous neoprene, a bacteria resistance bushing material.

37. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices The spring and screw head used here are both difficult and likely impossible to clean. A major bacteria harborage point.

38. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Crevices The spiral-type cord connector is yet another place for food particles to collect and bacteria to hide. All surfaces should be smooth when possible.

39. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Exposed Threads These types of polished stainless steel nuts, cover bolt threads and provide few places for bacteria to cling.

40. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Exposed Threads The nuts used here minimize thread exposure, while the nut's plastic top and bottom also ensure that bacteria will not collect on the unexposed parts of the threads.

41. © Penn State Food Safety and Sanitation for Food Manufacturers Course http://www.foodscience.psu.edu/e-learning.html Acknowledgments American Meat Institute for equipment photos www.SanitaryDesign.com www.SanitaryDesign.com Don Ewes, Girton Manufacturing for weld and equipment edge samples