1. TEST # 1 Next Week : Monday, 9 July 2012 (8:00 am) Bring Scantrons & pencils Picture ID & know your PID (or be penalized) Covers anything assigned to date: - Textbook: Intro & chapter 1 - Class Lectures (including songs on YouTube links) - Podcasts (Publisher web site) Approximately 50-75 multiple-choice or T/F questions; some related to sound examples My review sheets have been posted on course web site Counts 10% of course grade

2. Music Terminology Some Useful Terms for Describing Music (also see Covach Podcasts)

3. What is “Music”? “Organized Sounds and Silences” --John Cage

4. What can you organize? The 4 Parameters of Sound Pitch = the frequency of vibration (heard as “high” vs. “low”) Duration = the length of time a sound lasts (heard as aspects of rhythm) Timbre = tone color (the source of the sound, i.e., instrument, voice, other) Dynamics = Loudness/Softness

5. Musical Form The basic organizing principal in music “What comes next?” Three basic elements Repetition – the same thing Contrast – something new Variation – a mix of old and new

6. Melodic Structure Similar to Speech (words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc.) Musical PHRASE – coherent subdivision of a larger unit (similar to sentences or clauses in speech) CADENCE – resting point at the end of a phrase (full or partial, cf. punctuation marks, periods, commas, etc.)

7. Some Formal Patterns Alternating sections - Verse (same music, but changing words) - Chorus (same music & words; “refrain”) “Song Form” – usually 4 equal phrases - A A B A or A A’ B A” or AABC, ABCD, etc. - Bridge (3 rd phrase) often contrasts harmonically 12-Bar Blues – 3 phrases repeated over and over A - statement A’ - restatement (intensification) B – conclusion Call-Response

8. See Textbook (p. 18) No other terms to be asked (for now).

9. Les Paul (1915-2009) & Mary Ford (1924-1977) Popular duo (1950-54) - 16 Top Ten Hits - 6 mil. records sold (1951) He – experience in all styles - country, jazz, etc. - radio & studio musician - guitar, banjo, etc. She – family of preachers - singer in many styles - gospel, country, etc. Divorced 1964

10. Gibson “Les Paul Studio” model Solid Body Electric Guitar (invented in 1930s/40s & marketed from 1950s on)

11. Les Paul in Studio Home recording studio Complete control of Sound “Overdubbing” or “multi-track” recording ½ speed recording = “Chipmunk” effect Electronic effects Ex. YouTube - Les Paul & Mary Ford - I'm Sitting on top of the World (Textbook Listening Guide, p. 56-67)YouTube - Les Paul & Mary Ford - I'm Sitting on top of the World

12. Other Electric Guitars Leo Fender (1909-1991) 1949 Telecaster Rickenbacker “300” series (1958- ) Adolph Rickenbacker w/ original electric guitar (c. 1932)

13. “Popular” “Tin Pan Alley” songwriting and selling European “classical” instruments & ensembles in written arrangements (technically advanced) Trained vocalists (emphasis on ‘correct” singing techniques, precise pitches, etc.) Classical harmonies and melodies (often complex or colorful) Verse-chorus format Song forms (A A B A) Northern, educated white audiences

14. “Country & Western” “Traditional” songs (or emulation of the style & type) Emphasis on “string band” (often no drums); guitar, fiddle, mandolin, autoharp, etc.; smaller ensembles in unwritten (improvised?) arrangements (simpler) “Natural” vocalists (unschooled singing techniques, nasal sound, Southern accent, etc.) Simplified harmonies and melodies, generally limited to fewer chords, pentatonic, etc. Verse-chorus format Song forms (A A B A) Southern rural white audiences

15. “Rhythm and Blues” “Blues,” Gospel, Doo-Wop, etc. Mixes some European “classical” instruments w/ a few instruments of African origin, often in unwritten (oral) arrangements w/ improvisation, call & response Untrained vocalists (almost shouting or speaking for some performers, but not Gospel & Doo-Wop) Harmonies and melodies often reduced to pentatonic or just a few chords, e.g., Blues only uses I, IV, V “Circular forms” (open-ended) Can include song forms (A A B A) and others Black audiences

16. Jukebox (“juke” = disorderly, wicked” in Gullah language) Rockola (1948 model) Seeburg M100C “Select-o- matic” (1952 model) Seeburg “Wall-o-matic”

17. Test Materials end here Anything after this slide is on Test # 2

18. 1950s Dwight Eisenhower Return to “Normalcy” Move to the Suburbs Car Culture “Baby Boomers” “Cold War” McCarthyism Race Relations

19. Levittown (Long Island, NY)

20. 1950s Cars

21. 1950s TV Father Knows Best (1954-60) Ex. Father Knows Best, "Season 1 Original Opening" – YouTube (1954)Father Knows Best, "Season 1 Original Opening" – YouTube The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952-1966) Ex. The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Ricky Goes to a Dance – YouTube (1952)The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Ricky Goes to a Dance – YouTube Leave It To Beaver (1957-1963) Ex. Leave it to Beaver classic clip season 3 – YouTube (1959)Leave it to Beaver classic clip season 3 – YouTube