1. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Dynamic Software Architectures Verification using DynAlloy Antonio Bucchiarone IMT Graduate School of Lucca, Italy and ISTI-CNR of Pisa, Italy antonio.bucchiarone@imtlucca.it and Juan P. Galeotti Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina jgaleotti@dc.uba.ar

2. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Agenda  Global Computing Systems (GCSs)  Dynamic Software Architectures for GCSs  Running Example  DSA Formal Modeling  A Typed Graph Grammar Approach  DSA Structural Verification  DynAlloy  Conclusions and Future Work

3. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Global Computing Systems  Globality  Autonomous computational entities created or controlled by different owners (i.e., Services)  Heterogeneity  Different devices that provide different configurations and functionalities  Mobility  Movement of the physical platforms or entities that change platforms  User-Dependent  The end-user is always the source of each change (i.e., adaptation)  Fault-Torelance  No interruption of services  Scalability  From small to big systems (i.e., new service request)

4. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Dynamic Software Architectures  Network component-based SW systems  adaptive systems  New requirements  Constraints during run-time  Run-time reconfigurations  Add/del/update components, connectors and connections  Programmed, Self-Repairing, Ad-Hoc, etc..

5. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 A Road Assistance Service - I Bike Access Point Assistance Service Station Chaining Point Assistance Service Station Bike Chaining Point …

6. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 A Road Assistance Service - II Bike Access Point access Chaining Point Assistance Service Station Access Point access leftright Chaining Point Bike Station leftright  Cell = Station + accessing bikes  Cell-chains = links of cells by chaining point  Migration of bikes to adjacent cells  Station shut down  Orphan bikes -> repairing reconfiguration

7. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08  Global Computing Systems (GCSs)  Dynamic Software Architectures for GCSs  Running Example  DSA Formal Modeling   A Typed Graph Grammar Approach  DSA Structural Verification  DynAlloy  Conclusions and Future Work

8. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Typed Graph Grammar (TGG) Approach

9. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Hypergraph = SA Configuration A (hyper)graph is a triple H = (N H, E H, Φ H ), where N H is the set of nodes E H is the set of (hyper)edges, and Φ H : E H  N H + describes connections of each edge

10. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Typed Hypergraph = Configuration  Style: an hypergraph T  Configuration: a pair where:  |G| is the underlying graph, and  is a total hypergraph morphism

11. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 SPO Rewriting = Reconfiguration  A set of rewriting productions  A production is a partial, injective morphism of T-typed graphs p: L → R  L and R areT-typed hypergraphs that are called left-hand and right-hand side of the production  Given a T-typed graph G and a production p, a rewriting of G using p can be executing a Single-Pushout Approach (SPO)

12. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Example of Production  Reconfiguration rule that migrates a bike (b1) to the rightward station (s4)

13. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Typed Graph Grammar = DSA  A DSA will be described by a T-typed graph grammar  G = where:  G in is the initial (T-typed) graph  T defines the style  P is a set of productions  G → * G’ to denote that there exists a possible empty sequence of derivation step from G to G’ using the productions in P

14. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Characterisation of Dynamism  Given a grammar G = we define:  The set R(G) of reachable configurations  All configurations to which the initial configuration G in can evolve  The set D p (G) of desirable configurations  The set of all T-typed configurations that satisfies a desired property P

15. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Programmed dynamism  All architectural changes are identified at design-time and triggered by the system itself  A programmed DSA A is associated with a grammar G A =  The grammar fixes the types of all elements in the architecture, and their possible connections  The productions state the possible way in which a configuration may change  Programmed Dynanism provides an implicit definition of desirable configurations D P (G) = R(G)

16. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08  Global Computing Systems (GCSs)  Dynamic Software Architectures for GCSs  Related Works  DSA Formal Modeling  A Typed Graph Grammar Approach  DSA Structural Verification  SAs and Style with Alloy  Programmed Dynamism with Alloy  DynAlloy Verification of DSAs  Conclusions and Future Work

17. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Alloy  Alloy provides a logic to represent properties or constraints on models  First-Order Logic  Alloy Analyzer (SAT Solver)  It explores (a bounded fragment) of the state space of all possible models.  We have implemented TGG concepts in Alloy

18. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Hypergraph = SA Configuration A (hyper)graph is a triple H = (N H, E H, Φ H ), where N H is the set of nodes E H is the set of (hyper)edges, and Φ H : E H  N H + describes connections of each edge // Binding abstract sig Node{} //Ports abstract sig Label{} //Components abstract sig Edge { conn: Label->lone Node } // Software Architecture abstract sig Graph { he: set Edge, n: set Node, l: set Label }

19. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Style // Bike-Style basic elements abstract sig Access_Point, Chain_Point extends Node{} abstract sig Access extends Label{} abstract sig Left extends Label{} abstract sig Right extends Label{} abstract sig Bike extends Edge{} { #conn=1 and conn.univ in Access and univ.conn in Access_Point } abstract sig Bikestation extends Edge{} { #conn=2 and conn.univ in Left+Right and univ.conn in Chain_Point } abstract sig Station extends Edge{} { #conn=3 and conn.univ in Left+Right+Access and univ.conn in Chain_Point+Access_Point } // Style Constraints fact Style_constraints {... // if two stations are connected, they share one unique node all disj s1,s2: Station | attached[s1,s2]=>#(last[s1.conn]&last[s2.conn]) = 1 // each Chain_Point node have at most two or at least one edge connected all cp: Chain_Point | #(conn.cp)>0 and #(conn.cp)<=2... }

20. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Programmed Dynamism  Set of reconfiguration rules in Alloy  Left and Right-side HyperGraphs  Single-Pushout Graph Transformation pred isPartialMorphism [g: Graph, h: Graph, f: Fun, t1, t2: Tau] {…} pred isTotalGraphMorphism [g: Graph, h: Graph, f: Fun, t1,t2:Tau] {…} pred isMatch[ga: Graph,gb: Graph, f: Fun, t1,t2:Tau] {…} pred isProd[p: Production, f: Fun, t1,t2:Tau] pred rwStepPre[G1:Graph, Pr: Production, M1: Fun, P:Fun, t1:Tau, t2:Tau, t3:Tau, t4: Tau ] {…} pred rwStepPost[G1:Graph, G2:Graph, Pr: Production, m1:Fun, m2:Fun, r1:Fun,r2:Fun,t1:Tau, t2:Tau,t3:Tau,t4:Tau] {…}

21. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Verification using DynAlloy  Extension of Alloy modeling language (M. Frias & J. Galeotti – ICSE’05)  It allow to define atomic actions and more complex actions (programs)  A given property P is invariant under sequences of applications of some operations  Our case : operation = Rewriting Step

22. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Properties  Each Bike can be connected to only one access point using one port of type Access  If one bike is connected to an access point then must exist a unique station that is connected to the same access point pred Property1 [tgg: TGG]{ all g: tgg.graphs | all e1: g.he |Type[e1,Bike] => one l1: g.l, n1:g.n |(Type[n1,Access_Point] and Type[l1,Access]) and e1.conn = l1->n1 } pred Property3[tgg:TGG]{ all g:tgg.graphs| all e1:g.he | Type[e1,Bike]=> one e2:g.he | Type[e2,Station] && connected [e1, e2]}

23. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Verification using DynAlloy  Model-finding  Initial Configuration  An instance satisfying the style and having a certain number of bikes, stations and bikestations  Invariant Analysis  If a property P is invariant under sequences of reconfigurations

24. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Model Finding module MODEL-FINDING... open STYLE open TGG … one sig G1 extends Graph{} fact{ G1.he=b1+s1+bs1 G1.n=cp1+cp2+cp3+ap1 G1.l=a1+a2+l1+r1+l2+r2} pred show[]{} run show for 1 Graph, 3 Edge, 4 Node, 6 Label

25. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Invariant Analysis  Property3 is Valid because there are no bikes in the target configuration

26. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08  Global Computing Systems (GCSs)  Dynamic Software Architectures for GCSs  Related Works  DSA Formal Modeling  A Typed Graph Grammar Approach  DSA Structural Verification  DynAlloy  Conclusions and Future Work

27. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Conclusions  Modeling of DSA using TGGs  Programmed Dynamism  Verification of DSA using Alloy/DynAlloy  Structural Adaptations  Tool Support  Modeling & Verification

28. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Future Works  Properties associated to each kind of DSA formalized in GT-VC07  Self-repairing, Ad-Hoc, etc..  Verification of behavioral properties  Behavioral Adaptations  Model-checking  ARMADA Framework Development  Automated ReMorphing Ambient for Dynamic Architectures  Eclipse-based (EMF)  Existing tools (AGG, DiaGen, GTXL, etc.) extension  Integration with some Model-Checker

29. A. Bucchiarone, Juan P. Galeotti / GT-VMT’08 Questions!