1. Unit 2: THE CRIME SCENE “ Oh, how simple it would all have been had I been here before they came like a herd of buffalo and wallowed all over it.” —A. Conan Doyle, in The Boscombe Valley Mystery, 1892

2. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company1 CRIME SCENE Students will learn:  The steps to take when processing a crime scene.  The type of evidence that determines what packaging should be used.  Why the chain of custody must be preserved. Students will be able to:  Isolate, record, and search for evidence at a mock crime scene.  Collect and package evidence at a mock crime scene using to proper forensic procedures.

3. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company2 CORPUS DELICTI “Body of the Crime”  You must prove  that a crime occurred  that the person charged with the crime was responsible for the crime  Top Reasons for Committing a Crime  Money  Revenge  Emotion—love, hate, anger  Source of Evidence  Body  Primary and/or Secondary Crime Scene  Suspect(s)

4. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company3 CRIME SCENE TEAM A group of professional investigators, each trained in a variety of special disciplines Team Members  First Police Officer on the scene  Medics (if necessary)  Investigator(s)  Medical Examiner (if necessary)  Photographer and/or Field Evidence Technician  Lab Experts

5. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company4 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION  Based on the scientific method and the Locard Exchange Principle, logic and forensic techniques. Crime scene investigation involves :  Recognition — scene survey, documentation, collection  Identification — comparison testing  Individualization — evaluation and interpretation  Reconstruction — reporting and presenting

6. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company5 PROCESSING A CRIME SCENE  Isolate and secure the scene  Document the scene  Search for evidence  Collect and package evidence, maintaining the chain of custody  Submit evidence to the crime lab

7. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company6 FIRST OFFICER ON THE SCENE  A Assess the crime scene and assist those hurt  D Detain the witness  A Arrest the perpetrator  P Protect the crime scene  T Take notes

8. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company7 CRIME SCENE SURVEY Walk-through—performed by the crime scene investigator, the first officer and sometimes the lead detective Purpose:  Mentally prepare a reconstruction theory  Note any transient or conditional evidence that could change over time.  Note weather conditions  Note points of entry or exit, as well as paths of travel within the crime scene  Record initial observations of who, what, where, when, and how  Identify special needs within the crime scene for personnel, precautions or equipment and notify superior officers or other agencies

9. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company8 DOCUMENTATION  Note taking is one of the most important parts of processing the crime scene. It forces the investigator to be more observant (writing focuses our attention on otherwise overlooked details).  Notes should  be complete & thorough  be written clearly & legibly  detail step-by-step every action the investigator takes in the order in which each step is taken  The investigator should measure the scene and refer to these measurements in describing all evidence & where it was found.

10. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company9 DOCUMENTATION  Notes should include:  date and time,  description of the location,  weather and environmental conditions,  description of the crime,  location of the evidence relative to other key points,  the names of all people involved,  modifications that have occurred  and other relevant information

11. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company10 DOCUMENTATION  Photography — “ a picture is worth a thousand words” because photos can catch details even the most observant investigator can miss & permanently record the scene.  photos of scene and surroundings,  mid-range to close-up photos with various angles of each piece of evidence, include a ruler for scale  be properly documented and kept as evidence.

12. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company11 DOCUMENTATION Videography — allows narration (non-subjective) to be included in a photographic, permanent record Sketches Like note-taking, sketches can help the investigator to notice and remember details. Sketches should include:  date, time  scale, reference points, and distance measurements,  names of investigators, victims, suspects,  and a legend (key)

13. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company12 SEARCH METHODS  The crime scene should be searched in a systematic fashion.  An initial walk-through is recommended  Type of search pattern depends on  size & shape of the crime scene,  number of search personnel,  any initial time constraints.

14. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company13 SEARCH METHODS  Lane or strip search — covers large areas quickly  Grid search — basically a double-line search; effective, but time-consuming  Quandrant or sector search — most effective in houses or buildings; teams are assigned small zones for searching  Spiral search — may move inward or outward; best used where there are no physical barriers; usually chosen when there is a single searcher in an outdoor setting.

15. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company14 CRIME SCENE SKETCH Date: August 14, 2005Criminalist: Ann Wilson Time: 11:35 amLocation: 4358 Rockledge Dr, St. Louis, Mo. N

16. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company15 COLLECTING AND PACKAGING EVIDENCE Contamination can render evidence useless and lead to an inability to convict a guilty suspect. Contamination Prevention – there are 2 types of contamination. 1.Contamination from the investigator or the environment 2.Cross-contamination from other evidence.

17. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company16 COLLECTING AND PACKAGING EVIDENCE Contamination from the investigator or the environment can be avoided by  Securing and sealing the crime scene  Evidence should be collected using forceps or gloves and should never be directly touched by the investigator.  The investigator must should wear a disposable hair net, latex gloves, and protective shoe coverings at all crime scenes. Some sensitive may require full protective Tyvek jumpsuits and a protective mask.

18. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company17 COLLECTING AND PACKAGING EVIDENCE Cross-contamination from other evidence can be avoided by packaging separately evidence from different individuals who may be part of the incident being investigated.  For example do NOT place a victim’s clothing in the same package as a possible suspect’s.

19. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company18 COLLECTING AND PACKAGING EVIDENCE  One individual should be designated as the evidence collector to ensure that the evidence is collected, packaged, marked, sealed, and preserved in a consistent manner  Each item must be placed in a separate container, sealed, and labeled  Most fragile evidence is collected and packaged first  The body is the property of the coroner or medical examiner. The collection of evidence on the body is done by that department

20. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company19 COLLECTING AND PACKAGING EVIDENCE Different types of evidence require specific or special collection and packaging techniques  Wet items must be dried before packaging to prevent mold & mildew  Containers should be sealed tightly to prevent leaks or breakage  Biological items should be dried, placed in non- air-tight containers and stored at 4ºC to prevent growth of mold or bacteria

21. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company20 COLLECTING AND PACKAGING EVIDENCE (continued)  Clothing with trace evidence (hair, fibers, etc) should be packaged carefully to avoid disturbing the evidence. The belongings of each carrier of evidence (ie: victim and suspect) should be packaged separately.  Firearms should be rigidly fixed inside a wooden container.  Evidence from suspected arson should be kept in airtight, metal containers such as never-used paint can. (Accelerants can react with plastic containers!)

22. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company21 Controls Controls - (similar types of evidence collected away from the area of the crime) must also be collected to compare with any evidence from the crime scene (referred to as unknown or questioned evidence even if it may seem obvious where it came from). Controls are samples with a known origin and will be compared with evidence found at the crime scene.

23. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company22 PACKAGING Most items should be packaged in a primary container and then placed inside a secondary one. These are then placed inside other containers such as paper bags, plastic bags, canisters, packets and envelopes depending on the type and size of the evidence.

24. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company23 CHAIN OF CUSTODY There must be a written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence.  The evidence container must be marked for identification  The collector’s initials should be placed on the seal  If evidence is turned over to another person, the transfer must be recorded.

25. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company24 CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION Stages  Data collection  Hypothesis formation  Examination, testing and analysis  Determination of the significance of the evidence  Theory formulation

26. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company25 MEDICAL EXAMINER’S RESPONSIBILITIES  Identify the deceased  Establish the time and date of death  Determine a medical cause of death—the injury or disease that resulted in the person dying  Determine the mechanism of death—the physiological reason that the person died  Classify the manner of death  Natural  Accidental  Suicide  Homicide  Undetermined  Notify the next of kin

27. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company26 INVESTIGATORS “The wise forensic investigator will always remember that he must bring all of his life experiences and logic to find the truth. This means common sense, informed intuition, and the courage to see things as they are. Then he must speak honestly about what it adds up to.” — Dr. Henry Lee Chief Emeritus for Scientific Services and the former Commissioner of Public Safety for the state of Connecticut

28. Chapter 3 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company27 THE CORPSE “The way I see it, being dead is not terribly far off from being on a cruise ship. Most of your time is spent lying on your back. The brain has shut down. The flesh begins to soften. Nothing much new happens, and nothing is expected of you.” —Mary Roach. Stiff. W. W. Norton & Company. 2003