1. Potentiometer Galvanometer Kirchhoff Law Electromotive force D’Arsonval Galvanometer Kirchhoff Current and Voltage Law

2. Potentiometer a I b I R I I r  － ＋ 直流電源 D + - 待測電池 F 已知電池 E G A B C R 直流電源 D + - 待測電池 F 已知電池 E G A B C R RpRp 直流電源

3. D’Arsonval Galvanometer  The angle of deflection of the pointer is directly proportional to the current in the loop  The deflection also depends on the design of the meter τ m =μB, μ=NIA magnetic dipole moment τ s =-κψ, κis the tensional spring constant τ m +τ s =0

4. Ammeter/Voltmeter the ammeter should have zero resistance so the current being measured is not altered the voltmeter should have infinite resistance so that no current would pass through it

5. Multimeter x  0 y RoRo R  IcIc RcRc I

6. Resistance 顏色銀 Silver 金 Gold 黑 Black 棕 B rown 紅 Red 橙 Orange 黃 Yellow 綠 Green 藍 Blue 紫 Violet 灰 Gray 白 White 無色 數值 -20123456789 誤差 ±10%±5%±20%

7. Kirchhoff’s Rules Junction Rule:  I in =  I out Loop Rule: Loop

8. Resistors in Series and Parallel

9. Wheatstone Bridge G A B