2. 1. Why did people create the first villages? 2. What were some of the first large building projects? (You will need to think about the videos and readings in order to answer this question!) 3. What economic changes occurred because of the introduction of agriculture? 4. What social changes took place? 5. What are the five basic characteristics of a civilization?

3.  Agriculture changes the way people live  People begin to live together in permanent settlements (villages)  New tools (hoes, sickles, plowsticks) make farming easier and technology (canals) = more food  Domesticated animals share the work and increase food supply

4. Irrigation systemsIncreased food supplySpecialization of laborTrade

5. Large Building Projects Require Cooperation Leaders needed Specialization Differences in wealth and power Social classes form Lives become more complex Religion gets more organized More gods and more rituals

6.  Complex culture with five basic characteristics: 1. Advanced cities 2. Specialized workers 3. Complex institutions 4. Record keeping 5. Advanced technology

7.  Word “civilization” comes from Latin word “civitas”=city  Key difference between city and village- cities are centers of trade for a larger area

8.  Food surpluses lead to specialization- everyone doesn’t have to be getting their own food  Artisans, priests, soldiers can trade their work for food

9.  Large populations require system for ruling  Governments, religions, economies develop  They create and enforce the rules

10.  Government, religion and economy gets more complex  Needed a way to keep track of laws, taxes, supplies, important dates, debts and payments  Systems of writing begin to develop  Eventually writing used for purposes other than record keeping

11.  New tools need for more complex problems  Farmers need to grow more food =Ox drawn plows, irrigation systems  Artisans experiment to create new products= pottery, bronze