1. UNIT 4 LESSON 2

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE:  Student will be able to identify different boundaries and how/why they are created in various ways.

3. TWO CATEGORIES OF BOUNDARIES  Natural (physical) boundaries: based on recognizable physiographic features such as mountains, rives, and lakes (Getis, p. 304)  Artificial (geometric) boundaries: typically based on parallels of latitude or meridians of longitude (Getis, p. 304).

4. ANTECEDENT BOUNDARY  Antecedent Boundary: drawn across an area before it was well populated, before the cultural landscape developed (Getis, p. 304).  Example: Western U.S. and Canada, usually occurs based on treaties. Washington & Montana existed before they were heavily populated, so regions became distinct from Canada  Area right above it.  This is an artificial boundary that is also antecedent boundary

5. SUBSEQUENT BOUNDARIES (ALSO “ARTIFICIAL”:  Subsequent Boundaries: drawn after the development of the cultural landscape. Has two sub-sets:  Consequent Boundary: border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences between countries.  Example: Make the shape of the state actually reflect the different cultural groups (keeping all the blue people together)  Superimposed Boundary: boundary forced upon people; often no regard for cultural elements.  Example: Africa following the treaty of Berlin.

6. BOUNDARIES & CONFLICT  Boundaries are typically going to be a source of conflict.  Ethnic disputes and joining of ethnic groups  Resource allocation  Political consideration for security:  Nomadic groups  Immigrants