1. AP World History POD #4 Mediterranean Democracy Punic Wars

2. Class Discussion Questions McKay – “Roman Expansion”, pp. 131-135 McKay – “The Late Republic”, pp. 140-146

3. 1. How did Roman expansion differ between the east and the west? By 282 B.C. Rome gained control of southern Italy and began to look towards the rest of the Mediterranean In the west Rome used aggression to conquer new lands In the east Rome tried to serve as patrons of the Hellenistic world – when this failed they turned to force

4. 2. Why were the Punic Wars crucial to the development of the Mediterranean world? Rome vs. Carthage The winner would control the western Mediterranean Carthage had created a mercantile empire from Sicily to Gibraltar

5. 3. What was the outcome of the First Punic War? 264 – 241 B.C. Rome desired to control Sicily Rome realized it needed a navy to control the Mediterranean Rome won 6 of 7 battles and took control of Sicily There was no real peace Rome tried to take advantage of the weaknesses of Carthage and take Sardinia and Corsica Carthage tried to take control of Spain, just as Roman influence was spreading to the area

6. 4. What was the outcome of the Second Punic War? 221 B.C. Hannibal (Carthage) vs. Scipio (Rome) Hannibal marched into the Italian peninsula but was unable to defeat the Roman strongholds at Latium, Eturia, and Somnium While Hannibal attacked Rome, Scipio led a naval assault on Carthage forcing Hannibal to retreat Rome won ensuring that Roman culture would dominate the Mediterranean

7. 5. What was the outcome of the Third Punic War? Rome destroyed once and for all their hated rival of Carthage Rome finally conquers Spain and its rich natural resources

8. 6. Describe the two Rome’s that existed. Conservative Countryside – Cato the Elder and the traditional ideal / desired Rome to be an agricultural nation / desired for a continuation of patriarchal society / very conservative and resistant to change Cosmopolitan City – Scipio Aemilianus and Greek urban culture / desired a Rome where people were urban dwellers engaged in cultural activities such as art, literature, and politics / embraced the new found wealth of conquest / embraced Hellenism and Greek culture / conquest brought a life of leisure

9. 7. How did Rome fall into civil war? Unrest In Rome – military became an impoverished class of people in Rome / many farms were destroyed forcing people to sell their land / veterans moved to cities, especially Rome / most farmer soldiers were unable to find work / with fewer land holders there was a smaller pool of soldiers / these men were willing to follow and support any person who could offer them a better life Tiberius Gracchus – elected tribune in 133 B.C. / proposed giving public land to the poor / Senate was wary of his reforms viewing them as an attempt to usurp power and killed him and 300 followers / this was the beginning of an era of violence Social War (91-88 B.C.) – Italians revolted on the grounds of desiring full citizenship / the Senate eventually granted full citizenship to all Italians

10. 8. What was the historical significance fo the rule of Julius Caesar? Civil War- individual members of Rome began building private armies promising land, money, and other compensation / the army in return became a professional force loyal not to the state but rather to those who paid for the service / for over 50 years new leaders came to power through civil war only to be replaced by men with a stronger army Julius Caesar – became governor of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) in 50 B.C. / was a member of the first triumvirate – Crassus dies and civil war broke out between Caesar and Pompey / 45 B.C. – Caesar defeats Pompey and makes himself dictator / killed by a group of Senators in 44 B.C. who were upholding the pledge of 509 B.C.

11. 9. What was the Second Triumvirate? Octavian Augustus, Marc Antony, and Lepidus They defeated Caesar’s assassins 33 B.C. – Augustus names Antony a traitor and went to war 31 B.C. - Augustus defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium The Roman Republic was officially over giving way to Empire and the Pax Romana