1. The Punic Wars

2. Carthage  Founded in the 8th century by the Phonecians  Became in independent republic  By the 3rd century, its population was 3 times the size of Rome  Controlled Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica  Had settlements at Malaca and Gades in Spain  Expansion was based on desire for metals and other resources  Founded in the 8th century by the Phonecians  Became in independent republic  By the 3rd century, its population was 3 times the size of Rome  Controlled Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica  Had settlements at Malaca and Gades in Spain  Expansion was based on desire for metals and other resources

4. The First Punic War (264-241)  Messana (on Sicily) appealed first to Carthage, then to Romans for assistance against Hiero, king of Syracuse (264 BC)  Conflict between Rome and Carthage  Centered on Syracuse  Hiero first allied with Carthage, but then switched to Rome  Romans created naval force (200 ships)  Corvus - boarding device  Romans were victorious in many land and naval battles  Carthage had to agree to peace terms in 241  Had to abandon Sicily  Messana (on Sicily) appealed first to Carthage, then to Romans for assistance against Hiero, king of Syracuse (264 BC)  Conflict between Rome and Carthage  Centered on Syracuse  Hiero first allied with Carthage, but then switched to Rome  Romans created naval force (200 ships)  Corvus - boarding device  Romans were victorious in many land and naval battles  Carthage had to agree to peace terms in 241  Had to abandon Sicily

6. Aftermath  Mercenary revolts in Africa and in Sardinia against Carthage  Rome came to aid in Africa, but came to aid of Sardinians against Carthage (238)  Annexed both Sardinia and Corsica from Carthage  Mercenary revolts in Africa and in Sardinia against Carthage  Rome came to aid in Africa, but came to aid of Sardinians against Carthage (238)  Annexed both Sardinia and Corsica from Carthage

7. Second Punic War (218-201)  Italy – Hannibal  Knew Rome had a weak cavalry  Enlisted superior cavalry (mainly Hispanics)  Invaded Italy across Alps with cavalry and 3 dozen elephants  Lost many elephants and siege engines to the ice and cold  Defeated Romans in the field, but could not get to Rome  Lack of reinforcements  Could not get support from Rome’s allies  Italy – Hannibal  Knew Rome had a weak cavalry  Enlisted superior cavalry (mainly Hispanics)  Invaded Italy across Alps with cavalry and 3 dozen elephants  Lost many elephants and siege engines to the ice and cold  Defeated Romans in the field, but could not get to Rome  Lack of reinforcements  Could not get support from Rome’s allies

8. Battle of Cannae (216)  87000 Roman and allied troops  56000 Carthage troops  Double envelope tactic  45000 Romans killed, many taken as captives (Livy)  One of the greatest tactical feats in military history  As a result, many Italian cities defected from Rome  87000 Roman and allied troops  56000 Carthage troops  Double envelope tactic  45000 Romans killed, many taken as captives (Livy)  One of the greatest tactical feats in military history  As a result, many Italian cities defected from Rome

10. Second Punic War (218-201)  Hispania  Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities  Roman commander – Publius Cornelius Scipio – defeated Hasdrubal in Hispania  Hasdrubal brought troops into Italy to help his brother (killed)  Hispania  Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities  Roman commander – Publius Cornelius Scipio – defeated Hasdrubal in Hispania  Hasdrubal brought troops into Italy to help his brother (killed)

11. Battle of Zama (202)  After defeating Hispania, Scipio turned to invade Carthage  In 203, Hannibal returned to Carthage to face Scipio  Rome defeated Carthage in open battle  Peace – no real navy, no foreign colonies, etc.  Scipio gets nickname Scipio Africanus  Rome retained domination over Sicily  After defeating Hispania, Scipio turned to invade Carthage  In 203, Hannibal returned to Carthage to face Scipio  Rome defeated Carthage in open battle  Peace – no real navy, no foreign colonies, etc.  Scipio gets nickname Scipio Africanus  Rome retained domination over Sicily

12. Third Punic War (149-146)  Cato the elder wanted to destroy Carthage  “ Furthermore, Carthage must be destroyed ”  Rome made escalating demands on Carthage  City be destroyed and rebuilt further inland - refused  3 year siege, eventually burned to the ground (146 BC)  Cato the elder wanted to destroy Carthage  “ Furthermore, Carthage must be destroyed ”  Rome made escalating demands on Carthage  City be destroyed and rebuilt further inland - refused  3 year siege, eventually burned to the ground (146 BC)