1. Theories are: Abstractions Constructions Evaluated according to their usefulness not their truthfulness

2. Two elements of Theories Concepts Definitions

3. Traditional Ideal: six concepts Hypothesis Operationism Control: Measurement, Validity, Reliability Covering Laws Prediction

4. Theories change in 3 ways: Extension Intension Revolution

5. Differences The study of differences in theories is called Metatheory: Meta means after

6. 3 major areas of metatheory Epistemology--nature of knowledge Ontology--nature of being Axiology--place of values

7. Epistemology Does knowledge exist before experience? How certain can knowledge be? Is knowledge in parts or whole?

8. Two Major Views of Knowledge Worldview I: empiricist and rationalist Worldview II: interpretive

9. Six Criteria for Evaluating Theories Scope Appropriateness Heuristic Value Validity Parsimony Openness