1. Vulnerability and Adaptation Kristie L. Ebi, Ph.D., MPH Executive Director, WGII TSU PAHO/WHO Workshop on Vulnerability and Adaptation Guidance 20 July 2010

2. Impacts = ƒ Exposure Vulnerability Exposure Vulnerability Vulnerability = the degree to which a system is susceptible to or unable to cope with the adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes Sensitivity = the degree to which a system is affected by climate variability and change

3. Definitions of Vulnerability Vary Across Sectors IPCC definition also states that vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity – This views vulnerability as the expected net damage after all possible adaptation / mitigation and not current situation This definition is from natural hazards research – Vulnerability determines adaptive capacity vs adaptive capacity determine vulnerability

4. Multi-Hazard Map of Africa 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction

5. Multi-Hazard Map of Asia 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction

6. Number of Drought Disasters EMDAT (1974-2004) 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction

7. People Exposed to Drought 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction

8. Mortality Risk for Tropical Cyclones

9. Vulnerability For human systems, vulnerability relates to the consequences of exposure, not to the exposure itself (i.e. people and communities are vulnerable to damage and loss rather than to specific exposures such as flooding) Highly dependent on context and scale – Vulnerability changes over spatial and temporal scales – Socioeconomic and biophysical dimensions

10. Sri Lanka Extensive and Intensive Loss Reports 1970-2007 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction

11. Everyone is Vulnerable, However Vulnerability is not evenly distributed Vulnerability to one hazard is often quite different from vulnerability to another Vulnerability varies over time and location Vulnerability can depend on a wide range of socioeconomic and biogeophysical factors and trends National level indicators of vulnerability aggregate across significant differences

12. Defining levels of vulnerability for intervention is a social and political process that depends on the question being asked

13. Prerequisites for Action Awareness that a problem exists Understanding of the causes A sense that the problem matters The capability to influence The political will to deal with the problem Last 1998

14. Future vs Current Vulnerability Future and current vulnerability do not necessarily map directly – Current climate vs. climate change in the absence of adaptation/ mitigation vs. residual vulnerability Some regions and communities will be particularly affected by changing climate variability, others by gradual changes in climate Identifying emerging vulnerability hot spots depends on projections of development pathways and of climate change impacts

15. Baseline Ebi et al. 2005

16. 2025 Ebi et al. 2005

17. 2050 Ebi et al. 2005

18. Tropical Cyclones Over a 30-Year Period 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction

19. Adapting to climate change is not a problem to be solved, but a process to be managed

20. Responding to climate change involves an iterative risk management process that includes both adaptation and mitigation and takes into account climate change damages, co- benefits, sustainability, equity and attitudes to risk IPCC 2007 Synthesis Report

21. Addressing Changing Risks Existing risks – Modifying existing strategies and programs – Reinstitute effective programs that have been neglected or abandoned – Apply win/win or no-regrets strategies New risks – Design and implement strategies and programs that take into account a changing climate and changing vulnerabilities

22. Adaptation Measures to Reduce Health Outcomes from Floods Legislative policies: Improve land use planning Decision support tools: Early warning systems and emergency response plans Surveillance and monitoring: Alter health data collection systems to monitor for disease outbreaks during and after an extreme event Infrastructure development: Design infrastructure to withstand projected extreme events Other: Conduct research on effective approaches to encourage appropriate behavior

23. Prioritizing Adaptation Options Evaluate effectiveness of adaptation options by certainty, timing, severity, and importance of impacts Evaluate effectiveness of adaptation options under the following scenarios – Current climate – A hotter and drier climate – A hotter and wetter climate – Hotter with more variable precipitation

24. What Does This Mean? We look for: – Adaptations that make sense anyway And make even more sense considering climate change Policies that reduce vulnerability to climate variability will generally reduce risk to climate change – Marginal adjustments and low cost – Target of opportunity – “No regrets”

25. Thank-you

26. Observed summer (Dec- Feb) rain Forecast (November- modelled) summer rain Highest malaria incidence years Lowest malaria incidence years

27. Climate Information Adaptation