1. 1 Recap Deviance is: Non-normative ascribed or achieved behavior that elicits a value judgment with social, economic and/or legal consequences. and/or Behavior that causes harm through injustice, oppression, injury or death. Functionalism posits: Deviance is universal so it must serve a purpose. It informs a society about its values and norms. Draws boundaries Deviant acts can be consensual, and exist as social exchange, each side can benefit. There are positive and negative functions. Figuring out who benefits is critical.

2. 2 Thomas & Znanicki –There’s social equilibrium with regard to norms –Then a decrease in influence occurs (e.g., immigration) –Society goes in and out of equilibrium Park –Delinquency is failure of communities to organize –Old forms of social control are undermined – family, religion, neighborhood. –Progress is disruptive –Migration is a catalyst. Faris and Durham –Natural areas ‘just happen’ CW Mills –How ethnocentric can you get? –Whose norms? –No interplay between structure and social norms. Seen by the ‘pathologists’. Social Disorganization: The ‘Chicago School’

3. 3 Differential Association Criminality is learned  through social interaction  with intimates (that is, regular associates)  and learned like any other trade  includes techniques, norms, codes  and must be rationalized  benefits to be deviant > benefits of not  and varies in intensity, duration, priority, frequency (between individuals and over time for same individual) “ Motivations for deviance are part and parcel of society, hence “deviants are hypocrites”.

4. 4 Differential Association: Cressey’s Other People’s Money When trust is violated Trust violations occur in existing social contracts and relationships Rationalizations are required to violate trust But these rationalizations are not an ‘avoidance of legal liability’ (p. 247) But key reason for violating law is thinking you won’t get caught. How would Cressey explain this? What other examples besides embezzlement are trust violations?

5. 5 Differential Association: Sykes & Matza’s Neutralizations They expand on Sutherland: Denial of responsibility Denial of Injury Denial of Victim Condemnation of condemners Appeal to higher loyalties (e.g., family instead of gov’t). In other words: 1.You learn your society’s norms and values 2.You learn differential behavior 3.You rationalize your behavior by neutralizing the moral objections.

6. 6 Differential Association: Howard Becker’s Outsiders Marijuana users go through process of becoming a marijuana user, which is a differential association process. 1. Be around it. 2. Try it 3. Recognize effect 4. Enjoy effect 5. Rationalize behavior 6. Adopt 7. Get into subculture