2. Learning Objectives: Circulation in Animals (2/20/09)
Compare the different methods of internal transport of body fluids within the context of maintaining homeostasis.
Differentiate between open and closed circulatory systems, with examples.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of mammalian arteries, veins and capillaries.
Discuss the forces involved in the exchange of materials between capillaries and the interstitial fluid.
Describe the evolution of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits in vertebrates.
Compare extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of cardiac function.
This section begins on p. 994

3. Mechanisms of Transport in Organisms (review)
Diffusion, by molecular motion
good only at short distances,
Pump, Channel and Carrier mediated transport
small molecules across membranes,
Osmosis (water movement across membranes)
Bulk Flow
efficient large-scale, mass movement
hydrostatic pressure

4. Fick’s Law and Organisms
Average time for a molecule (solute, gas, or water) to move a set distance (L)...
Directly proportional to the distance squared!
tc = L2 Ds
Ds for glucose cm 2 /sec
If it takes 1 sec for a given quantity of glucose to diffuse 100 mm, it would take 100 sec for it to diffuse 1 mm, and almost 3 hours for it to diffuse 1 cm
p. 982

5. The branching gastrovascular cavity of Cnidaria
Does this animal have distinct boundary organs?
Name one other animal that has a gastrovascular cavity.
Explain why Cnidaria don’t need a separate circulatory system.

6. Embryonic development of circulatory systems in invertebrates
Note that the coelom in arthropods is present, but much reduced. Explain why the coelom is relatively large in annelids.

7. Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems
See also p. 995
How is hemolymph different from blood?
Describe the difference in fluid pressure and volume between open and closed circulatory systems.

8. Structure of Blood Vessels
p. 996
Compare pressures in arteries, veins, and capillaries.
How is blood flow accomplished in veins?
In which tissues would you expect to find the most capillaries?

9. Bulk Flow pr4 8h DYp Dx Volume flow rate = viscosity (h) distance
Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille (Poiseuille’s Law, ~1838)
Bulk Flow
…the concentrated movement of groups of molecules,
in biological systems, most often in response to pressure
directly proportional to the diameter of the tube and the pressure gradient
inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid and the distance the fluid must travel (due to frictional forces)
pressure gradient
pr4 8h
DYp Dx
Volume flow rate =
in a cylinder
viscosity (h)
distance

10. Increase Flow? Increase radius… Lower Viscosity… Increase Pressure…
How does this affect resistance?
Lower Viscosity…
Is this a likely mechanism?
Increase Pressure…
How would this be accomplished?
pressure gradient
pr4 8h
DYp Dx
Volume flow rate =
viscosity (h)
distance

11. Label the diagram to explain the net direction of this bulk flow.
Label the arrows
to show the net
direction of water
movement by
hydrostatic
(filtration) pressure
osmosis
Label the diagram to explain the net direction of this bulk flow.
What conditions
might change the
rate of filtration or
osmosis?
Do capillaries ever change their porosity?

12. Tissue Fluid Formation and Return

13. Transport across a capillary wall
Name one plasma protein that helps maintain the osmolarity of blood plasma.

14. Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart
Heart forms as a tube in all vertebrate embryos – with 4 “chambers” in a series:
(tail end) sinus venosus  atrium  ventricle  truncus arteriosus (head end)
This is the circulatory scheme in bony fish
In the embryo, contraction first begins in the ventricle. Why?
Later, the atria begin to beat, but at a faster rate. Sig?
Which chamber receives blood first?
p. 998

15. Pumps in Circulation Two alternative methods, both create challenges:
If the pump is used to deliver blood with force to the gas exchange organ, little force remains to distribute the oxygenated blood to the tissues.
Name one type of animal with this circulatory scheme.
How is the problem “handled”?
If the pump is used to deliver blood with force to the tissues, little force remains to send the deoxygenated blood to the gas exchange organ.
How have birds and mammals handled this problem?

16. Evolution of pulmonary and systemic circuits in vertebrates
How is the four chambered heart in endotherms related to temperature homeostasis?
How is the function of the
pulmonary circuit different from the function of the systemic circuit?
Evolution of pulmonary and systemic circuits in vertebrates

17. Venous return is facilitated by body movements.
Most fishes have never solved this “problem”, which is probably why most of them are poikilothermic with relatively low aerobic capacity.
Venous return is facilitated by body movements.
While obviously adequate, this is not a very efficient system. The pressure generated by contraction of the ventricle is almost entirely dissipated when the blood enters the gills.

18. The Squid Hearts (cephalopods)
This group of marine invertebrates has solved the problem by having separate pumps:
* two gill (branchial) hearts to force blood under pressure to the gills
* a systemic heart to force blood under pressure to the rest of the body.
The Squid Hearts
(cephalopods)
How does this adaptation relate to the lifestyle of cephalopods?

19. The Mammalian Cardiovascular System
Trace the pathway of a single
red blood cell, beginning at the
right atrium.
What causes the valves in the
heart to close?
What mechanisms enable blood
to be returned to the heart?

20. Describe the mechanical (physical) events in one cardiac cycle.
What feature of heart muscle is necessary for this coordinated function?

21. The Cardiac Conduction System
Why are there nerves that innervate the heart?
What chemical messages affect heart action?
p. 1002