1. Shifting cultivation: Activity data & Emission Factors for an integrated, scalable system Moving on From Experimental Approaches to Advancing National Systems for Measuring and Monitoring Forest Degradation Across Asia 16-18 June, 2015; Marriott Courtyard, Bangkok, Thailand Yoshiyuki Kiyono Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Japan

2. Contents 1. Definition of shifting cultivation 2. Activity data and emission factors 3. A short-case study 4. Conclusions

3. Slash-and-burn agriculture 1. Shifting cultivation 2. Conversion to cash crop land and industrial plantations 3. Abandonment of the fields Definition of shifting cultivation The repeated use of a patch of forest land The use of forest land that encroaches upon forested areas The use of forest land that encroaches upon natural forested areas

4. When intervals between agricultural use are longer than a few years Potential plant community height in a log scale Time (History of forest exploitation) Large Small ShortLong 小高木林 Vegetation change by exploitation in Borneo Kiyono et al. (2003) revised Slash-and-burn agriculture 4 10-20-y300-y 50m 2m2m Short fallow Conversion to crop land and industrial plantations Fires, abandonment IApS

5. Slash-and-burn agriculture Shifting cultivation Conversion to crop land and industrial plantations Abandonment of the fields Activity data & Emission factors Remote sensing & Carbon stock models

6. Forest in Northern Laos : Seasonal forest Shifting cultivation: Widely and long practiced The fallow period: Reduced as a result of population increase,...... The location of the study sites. 6 A short-case study

7. Typical land use pattern in the study sites 7

8. By N. Furuya Inoue et al. (2007) 8 Shifting cultivation was monitored 1. Monitoring of shifting cultivation is possible by using spaceborne optical sensors with medium–high resolution as shown here. 2. However, frequent (at least once a year) remote sensing is required. The use of high resolution images are costly. The use of medium resolution image is not costly, but in the case of medium images, it is difficult to find small size agricultural land.

9. Kiyono et al. (2008) 9 Shifting cultivation A carbon stock model with a parameter of plant community age for natural vegetation in fallowed slash-and-burn land

10. Inoue et al. (2007) revised 10 A result: Long-term change in ecosystem carbon stock under different land-use patterns (simulated) (Relatively) tall forest Short forest Non-forest “c”: cropping period, “f”: fallow period

11. Kiyono et al. (2014) A carbon stock model with a parameter of plant community age for converted crop land and industrial plantations Considering the economic life of the rubber plantation trees is around 30 years and the recent slash-and-burn agricultural system has a 5-year fallow period, ….

12. Conversion to crop land and industrial plantations Kiyono et al. (2014)

13. 13 Kiyono et al. (2003) Abandonment of the fields Shifting cultivation fields Most abandoned fields ∝ carbon sequestration rates

14. Conclusions 1. Monitoring of shifting cultivation is partially possible by using spaceborne sensors with medium–high resolution. 2. Frequent (at least once a year) remote sensing is required in the regions where shifting cultivation is a predominant practice. The use of high resolution images are costly. The use of medium resolution image is not costly. But the latter is difficult to find small size agricultural land. 3. Inoue et al. (2007) monitored historical changes in fallow period of shifting cultivation by using medium resolution spaceborne images. The carbon stock changes in various shifting cultivation scenarios were simulated by a carbon stock model. 4. When the target area is subnational or larger, time series of spaceborne cloudless images of medium–high resolution are hardly obtained. Barriers include cloud problem, availability of high resolution images, and cost. 5.National level scaling-up is difficult when wall-to-wall coverage. The data obtained by the present methodology can be used as samples of land with incorporating into a national system.

15. Thank you very much for your kind attention. This research was supported by the Global Environment Research Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan and was partly supported by the Forestry Agency, Japan. 15