1. FASTNET

2. Regional Haze Rule: Nomenclature and Time Scale Schematics Goal is to attain natural conditions by 2064; Baseline is established during 2000-2004 First SIP & Natural Cond. estimate in 2008; SIP & Natural Cond. Revisions every 10 yrs Haze Components Natural haze is due to natural windblown dust, biomass smoke and other natural processes Man-made haze is due industrial activities AND man-perturbed smoke and dust emissions A fraction of the man-perturbed smoke and dust is assigned to natural by policy decisions SOx Emission Trend 1800-2100

3. Summary of EPA Haze Rule on Natural Conditions The goal of the EPA visibility program is reaching the natural visibility conditions. Estimating the overall visibility conditions and the natural conditions establishes how ‘‘close’’ a Class I area is to the goal, i.e. the magnitude of the human-induced ‘exceedance’ over the natural. The default annual natural visibility is 11-12 deciview for the East, 8 dv for the West. The regional natural visibility is to be derived from sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and crustal material estimates using IMPROVE methodology. EPA along with States, tribes, and FLMs to develop and refine the technical guidance on estimating natural conditions (e.g. natural fire and dust) States, in turn, will work with the FLMs, tribes and EPA in estimating their natural conditions using these guidelines at each Class I area. The Regional Haze Rule provides initial default values for the Natural Haze Conditions The default haze for the West is 8 deciviews while for the East is 11 deciviews Obtained by estimating the natural concentration of SO4, EC, OC, NO3, Fine, Coarse Soil Weighing each aerosol component by corresponding extinction efficiencies. (Trijonis, 1990)

4. The Haze Rules require States to establish and update Baseline, Natural and Current Visibility Conditions Baseline conditions represent visibility at the time the regional haze program is established, 2000-2004 Natural conditions represent the visibility conditions that would be experienced in the absence of human-caused impairment. Current condition is the most recent multiyear average, to be revised for each SIP revision. It includes showing progress from the baseline period.

5. Significant Natural Contributions to Haze by RPO Judged qualitatively based on current surface and satellite data Natural forest fires and windblown dust are judged to be the key contributors to regional haze The dominant natural sources include locally produced and long-range transported smoke and dust This project will quantify the absolute and relative contribution of natural sources for each RPO WRAP Local Smoke Local Dust Asian Dust VISTAS Local Smoke Sahara Dust MRPO Local Smoke Canada Smoke Local Dust CENRAP Local Smoke Mexico/Canada Smoke Local Dust Sahara Dust MANE-VU Canada Smoke

6. Natural Aerosol/Haze Analysis Tools Analysis Tools Chemical composition analysis (speciation, traces) Physical property analysis (satellite, ASOS, PM2.5) Transport pattern (trajectory) Combined chemical/transport (trajectory + chemistry) Dynamic modeling (forward simulation, inversion) Near SourceFar from Source Source Oriented Receptor Oriented Each tool can be applied in the following modes of operation In the actual proposal, these tools will be explained and illustrated

7. Observational Tools Establishing Source-Receptor Relationship List of Methods by Egen, 1835. See paper and PPTpaperPPT Composition (smell) Temporal Pattern Spatial Pattern Wind Direction Direct Evidence Trajectory

8. FASTNET: The Process Data Sources, Analysis and Collaboration Tools and Products, Decision Support sagfsdh Real-Time Same day Short-Term Next days-weeks Longer-Term Months-years Data Sources & Types EPA PM2.5Mass NWS ASOS Visibility, WEBCAMs NASA MODIS DB Img & AOT NASA GOES 8/10 Image, anim. NOAA WEATHER & Wind NAAPS MODEL Forecast NASA AERONET AOT MODIS L3 aerosol size, type NASA TOMS, SeaWiFS NASA MPLNet Lidar USDA UVB Solrad, AOT NPS IMPROVE Aer. Chem. EPA Speciation EPA PM10/PM2.5 EPA CMAQ Full Chem. Model Data Analysis Tools & Methods Spatio-temporal overlays (DVOY) Early multi-sensory data integration Back & forward trajectories Forecast models Full chemical model simulation Diagnostic & inverse modeling Chemical source apportionment Multiple event statistics Communication Collaboration Coordination Tools & Methods Open, inclusive communication tools Methods for diverse data assimilation Community support: Data and idea sharing Analyst website, Managers console Peer reviewed scientific papers Tech Reports for regulatory support Science-AQ management interaction Reconciliation of multiple perspectives Analysis Products Current Aerosol Pattern Evolving Event Summary Tentative Cause (dust, smoke, other) Quantitative natural aerosol concentr. Natural source attribution Comparison to manmade aer. Decision Support Triggers for monitoring and actions Public information & alerts Jurisdiction nat./manmade State Impl. Plans, SIPs Natural Aerosol Policy, Regs

9. FASTNET: The Web system Data integration, delivery and decision support Analysts Dashboards (a la Westphal website, CAPITA, DVoy) An array of web-pages for one-stop access to current PM monitoring data including surface PM monitoring, satellite monitoring, weather and forecast models etc. Taps into the on-line data services of EPA and RPOs, NASA, and NOAA and provides the most comprehensive picture available of the current and recent multidimensional aerosol pattern. The emphasis is on timeliness and inclusiveness. The degree of integration for some data may be limited. Interactive Virtual Workgroup Website (a la CAPITA interactive event sites) This is an open facility to allow active participation of a diverse virtual community in the acquisition, interpretation and discussion of the on-line PM monitoring data. Participants can contribute information sources relevant to the current events (e.g. special data, web cam images, news reports), insights on data quality and interpretation and collectively prepare summaries. It is the ‘organizational memory’ of the community through via links to other analyses, external resources, etc Air Quality Managers Console (a la AirNOW but for manager types) The console helps PM managers make decisions during major aerosol events. Delivers a subset of the PM data relevant to the AQ managers, which includes the event summary reports prepared by the Virtual workgroups. The console manages the ‘watch’ assignments of human observers at the Analysts Dashboard and issues alerts to AQ managers and other interested parties.

10. Project Goal and Objective The goal of the project is to provide technical support to EPA & RPOs on: Estimation of Natural Haze as Part of Total Haze over the US Tasks and Approach: 1.Conceptual Evaluation of Natural PM and Visibility Conditions Establish Virtual Workgroup with representatives from EPA, RPOs, scientific community 2.Quantitative Estimation of Natural Contribution to Total Haze Conduct Data Analysis for estimating natural contributions (1995+, surf. and satellite obs.) 3.Real-Time Estimation of Natural Aerosols and Visibility (?) Routine estimation of natural aerosols/visibility during episodes by a virtual workgroup

11. Task 1: Conceptual Evaluation of Natural PM and Visibility Conditions Technical Issues Establish the main natural source types and their properties –Windblown dust (local and distant) –Biomass smoke (forest, grass and other uncontrolled fires, local and distant) –Biogenic emissions (trees, marshes, oceans) –Sea salt, pollen Evaluate suitable metrics for statistically describing natural conditions –Relevant aerosol components (e.g. SO4, NO3, OC, EC, Dust) –Spatio-temporal scales, resolution and pattern of natural events/conditions Project Management Approach Establish a steering group for project guidance (EPA, RPO, Science reps) Maintain a project website for open virtual workgroup interaction and data sharing Follow and interact with policy developments at RPOs and EPA Collaborate with VIEWS, RPO data analysts and RPO modelers

12. Task 3. Real-Time Estimation of Natural Aerosols and Visibility Real-time Aerosol Watch System (RAW) Real-Time Virtual PM Monitoring Dashboard. A web-page for one-stop access to views of current PM/Visibility monitoring data (aerosol, weather) and model output for nowcasting and forecasting. Virtual Workgroup Website. An interactive website which facilitates the active participation of diverse members in the interpretation, discussion, summary and assessment of the aerosol events. Air Quality Managers Console. Delivers a packaged PM data and summary reports prepared by the Virtual workgroups. Helps PM managers make decisions during major aerosol events. Rationale The dominant natural aerosol sources are from windblown dust and biomass smoke. Both are ‘episodic’, i.e. short-term extreme concentrations that require AQ management actions. Dust and smoke events can be monitored real-time by numerous surface and satellite sensors. The development and implementation of RAW is already being supported at CAPITA by grants from NSF, NOAA, EPA/EMAP, NASA(pending). Incremental funding from this project would support estimating ‘Natural PM/Visibility Contributions’ during such events.

13. Idaho Fires and Sahara Dust Aug 4, 2000 RGB Reflectance Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval Sahara Dust Approaching Idaho Smoke

14. Task 2: Spatial Analysis of ‘Natural’ Aerosols: Biomass Smoke Satellite data show numerous small fires in the Southeast The type of these fires is not known. Prescribed/agricultural burning? Wild fires? Issue: How does one space-time aggregate such a highly variable emission? PM2.5 conc., smoke pattern and SeaWiFS image of plumes originating from Kentucky, Nov 15, 1999.SeaWiFS More details here herehere Nov 15, 1999 Oct 5, 1998 Smoke Plumes Regional Smoke?

15. Right. SeaWiFS satellite and METAR surface haze shown near-real time in the Voyager distributed data browser Below. SeaWiFS, METAR and TOMS Absorbing Aerosol Index superimposed Satellite data are fetched from NASA GSFC; surface data from NWS/CAPITA servers Task 3: Illustration of RAW for Quebec Smoke, July 6, 2002 See http://capita.wustl.edu/aerosoleventshttp://capita.wustl.edu/aerosolevents

16. Proposed Project: Application of NASA ESE Data and Tools to Particulate Air Quality Management REASoN applications projects must identify a user organization that will ultimately benefit from the project and partner with them. Projects are encouraged to establish partnerships with federal, regional and state agencies. (This is one of the reasons we’ve contacted you) We expect the proposed REASoN project to be useful for three levels of PM air quality management: PM Policy decisions Is intercontinental long range transport (LRT) of PM significant? PM Regulator decisions What are the PM concentrations; role of LRT; how to control? PM Implementation and Operation decisions Specific local and distant source attribution; State Implementation Plan (SIP) for PM; PM forecasting; health alerts Implementation & Operation Regulatory Policy Highly reduced, filtered, aggregated ‘knowledge’ Analyzed quantitative data on PM pattern, exceedances Considerable raw data, model input, verification Long decision time frame Intermediate to long decision time frame Intermediate and short decision time frame

17. Federated Information Architecture Data producers maintain their own workspace and resources (data, reports, comments). However, part of the resources are shared through a Federated Information System. Web-based integration of the shared resources can be across several dimensions: Spatial scale:Local – global data sharing Data content:Combination of data generated internally and externally The main benefits of sharing are data re-use, data complementing and synergy. The goal of the system is to have the benefits of sharing outweigh the costs. User Local Global Federated Information System Data, Knowledge Tools, Methods User SharedPrivate

18. Federated Data Warehouse Federated Data Warehouse Architecture Three-tier architecture consisting of –Provider Tier: Back-end servers containing heterogeneous data, maintained by the federation members –Proxy Tier: Retrieves Provider data and homogenizes it into common, uniform schema and format –User Tier: Accesses the Proxy Server and uses the uniform data for presentation, integration or further processing The Provider servers interact only with the Proxy Server in accordance with the Federation Contract –The contract sets the rules of interaction (accessible data subsets; types of queries submitted by the Proxy) –The Proxy layer allows strong security measures, e.g. through Secure Socket layer The data User interacts only with the generic Proxy Server using flexible Web Services interface –Generic data queries, applicable to all data in the Federation (e.g. space, time, parameter data sub-cube) –The data query is addressed to a Web Service provided by the Proxy Server of the Federation –Uniform self-describing SOAP-wrapped XML data packages are passed to the user for presentation or further machine processing SQLDataAdapter1 CustomDataAdapter ImageDataAdapter2 SQLServer1 ImageServer2 LegacyServer Presentation Data Access & Use Provider Tier Heterogeneous Data Proxy Tier Data Homogenization, etc. Member Servers Proxy Server User Tier Data Consumption Processing Integration Federated Data System Fire Wall, Federation Contract Web Service, Uniform Query & Data

19. Integration with EPA and other surface data ESE data will be processed and combined with EPA particulate matter data to generate data products useful for PM management. For surface data, relevant EPA metadata and XML standards will be used. Web-based access, visualization and analysis tools will be developed and available for PM community use. An example is a spatio-temporal data explorer that provides interactive and dynamic access and browsing capabilities to distributed data sets. SeaWiFS Reflectance, PM2.5 in Idaho (Aug 2000) Derived Aerosol Optical Depth, Fire Locations in Idaho (Aug 2000)

20. Quebec Fires, July 6, 2002 SeaWiFS, METAR and TOMS Index superimposed SeaWiFS satellite and METAR surface haze shown in the Voyager distributed data browser Satellite data are fetched from NASA GSFC; surface data from NWS/CAPITA servers

21. Aerosol Event Watch System: Data integration, delivery and decision support Virtual PM Monitoring Dashboard This is a web-site for one-stop access to current PM monitoring data including surface PM monitoring, satellite monitoring, weather and forecast models. It taps into the on-line data services of EPA and RPOs, NASA, and NOAA and provides a comprehensive picture of the current and recent multidimensional aerosol pattern. The emphasis is on timeliness and inclusiveness. The degree of data integration is limited. The new technologies for the real time aerosol dashboard will include the creation of group viewing and annotation layers. The dashboard will be crafted from the components in Voyager web services. A rudimentary global aerosol dashboard is maintained by Westhal (1999) at the Naval Research Laboratory. Virtual Workgroup Website This is an interactive website which facilitates the active participation of diverse members in the interpretation and discussion of the on-line PM monitoring data. Virtual workgroup members can identify and contribute information sources relevant to the current events (e.g. special data, web cam images, news reports), contribute insights on data quality and interpretation and prepare summary reports on aerosol events during the events. CAPITA has spearheaded the development of such virtual community websites. The technologies used for the interactive virtual workgroup websites will be based largely on the groupware IT technologies developed through the CAPITA NSF grant, Collaboration through Virtual Workgroups. The challenging new technologies to be developed under this project will consist of seamlessly linking the structured data in the Federated Information System with the unstructured content contributed by virtual workgroups. Air Quality Managers Console The console helps PM managers make decisions during major aerosol events. The console delivers a subset of the PM data relevant to the AQ managers, which includes the event summary reports prepared by the Virtual workgroups. The console manages the ‘watch’ assignments of human observers on the Virtual PM Monitoring Console and issues alerts to AQ managers and other interested parties. The new technologies to be developed for this component will consist of novel rendering tools for multidimensional data. The contents of each console would be extensively cross-linked for tractability and documentation.