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Essentials of Understanding Psychology
9th Edition By Robert Feldman PowerPoints by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 9th Ed by Cathleen Hunt Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Social Psychology Scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Module 43: Attitudes and Social Cognition
What are attitudes, and how are they formed, maintained, and changed? How do people form impressions of what others are like and of the causes of their behavior? What are the biases that influence the ways in which people view others’ behavior? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Persuasion: Changing Attitudes
Process of changing attitudes Attitudes Evaluations of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept Factors that affect whether we change attitude: Message source Characteristics of the message Characteristics of the target Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Persuasion: Changing Attitudes
Routes to Persuasion Central route processing Need for cognition Peripheral route processing Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Persuasion: Changing Attitudes
The Link Between Attitudes and Behavior Cognitive dissonance Occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts (cognitions) Leon Festinger (1959) experiment Boring vs. interesting task Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Social Cognition: Understanding Others
Understanding What Others Are Like Social cognition The way people understand and make sense of others and themselves Schemas Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Social Cognition: Understanding Others
Impression Formation Process by which an individual organizes information about another person to form an overall impression of that person Central traits Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Social Cognition: Understanding Others
Attribution Process: Understanding the Causes of Behavior Attribution Theory Seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual’s behavior, what the specific causes of that person’s behavior are Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Determining the Cause of Behavior
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Social Cognition: Understanding Others
Attribution Process: Understanding the Causes of Behavior Situational Causes Those brought about by something in the environment Dispositional Causes Prompted by the person’s disposition Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Social Cognition: Understanding Others
Attribution Biases: To Err Is Human Halo effect Phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics Assumed-similarity bias Thinking of people as being similar to oneself even when meeting them for the first time Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Social Cognition: Understanding Others
Attribution Biases: To Err Is Human Self-serving bias Tendency to attribute success to personal factors and attribute failure to factors outside oneself Fundamental attribution error Tendency to exaggerate the importance of personality characteristics in producing others’ behavior, minimizing the influence of the environment Behavioral economics Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Attribution Biases in a Cultural Context
The culture in which we are raised clearly plays a role in the way we attribute others Collectivistic orientation A worldview that promotes interdependence Individualistic orientation A worldview that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 44: Social Influence and Groups
What are the major sources and tactics of social influence? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 44: Social Influence and Groups
Process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others Groups Consist of two or more people who: Interact with one another Perceive themselves as part of a group Are interdependent Develop and hold “norms” Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Conformity: Following What Others Do
Change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Conformity: Following What Others Do
Solomon Asch (1951) Study Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Conformity: Following What Others Do
Conformity Conclusions Characteristics of the group Status Situation in which the individual is responding Kind of task Unanimity of the group Social supporter Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Conformity: Following What Others Do
Groupthink Type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view Entrapment Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Conformity: Following What Others Do
Conformity to Social Roles Behaviors that are associated with people in a given position Philip Zimbardo's Prison Study (1973) Guards vs. prisoners Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Compliance: Submitting to Direct Social Pressure
Type of behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure Attempts to gain compliance: Foot-in-the-door technique Door-in-the-face technique That’s-not-all technique Not-so-free sample Norm of reciprocity Industrial/Organizational Psychology Consider worker motivation, satisfaction, safety, and productivity Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Obedience: Following Direct Orders
Change in behavior in response to the commands of others Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study -1960s Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Figure 2 of Module 44
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MODULE 45: Prejudice and Discrimination
How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination differ? How can we reduce prejudice and discrimination? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 45: Prejudice and Discrimination
Stereotype Set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members Prejudice A negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members Discrimination Behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Foundations of Prejudice
Observational Learning Approaches Mass Media Social Identity Theory Ethnocentric Viewing the world from their own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership “ingroups” and “outgroups” Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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The Foundations of Prejudice
Social Neuroscience Seeks to identify the neural basis of social behavior Amygdala Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Measuring Prejudice and Discrimination: The Implicit Personality Test
Implicit Association Test Ingenious measure of prejudice that permits a more accurate assessment of people’s discrimination between members of different groups Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
Strategies: Increase contact between the target of stereotyping and holder of the stereotype Make values and norms against prejudice more conspicuous Provide information about the targets of stereotyping Reduce stereotype threat Stereotype vulnerability Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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MODULE 46: Positive & Negative Social Behavior
Why are we attracted to certain people, and what progression do social relationships follow? What factors underlie aggression and prosocial behavior? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships
Addresses the factors that lead to positive feelings for others How Do I Like Thee? Let Me Count the Ways Factors: Proximity Mere exposure Similarity Reciprocity-of-liking effect Physical attractiveness Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships
How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways Passionate (romantic) love Represents a state of intense absorption in someone Companionate love Strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Robert Sternberg’s Three Components of Love
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: Hurting and Helping Others
Hurting Others: Aggression Aggression Intentional injury of or harm to another person Instinct Approaches Aggression as a Release Catharsis Frustration-Aggression Approaches Aggression as a Reaction to Frustration The reaction to the blocking of goals Observational Learning Approaches Learning to Hurt Others Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: Hurting and Helping Others
Helping Others: The Brighter Side of Human Nature Prosocial behavior Diffusion of responsibility Tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared among those present Classic Case of Kitty Genovese Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: Hurting and Helping Others
Four basic steps in the helping process: Noticing a person, event, or situation that may require help Interpreting the event as one that requires help Assuming responsibility for helping Deciding on and implementing the form of helping Rewards-costs approach Altruism Helping behavior that requires self-sacrifice Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Dealing Effectively with Anger
Strategies: Look again at the anger-provoking situation from the perspective of others Minimize the importance of the situation Fantasize about getting even – but do not act on it Relax Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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