2. Introduction This chapter focuses on Parametric equations Parametric equations split a ‘Cartesian’ equation into an x and y ‘component’ They are used to model projectiles in Physics This in turn allows video game programmers to create realistic physics engines in their games…

4. Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane You can define x and y coordinates on a curve using separate functions, x = f(t) and y = g(t) The letter t is used as the primary application of this is in Physics, with t representing time. Draw the curve given by the Parametric Equations: for 2A t x = 2t y = t 2 -3 -6 9 -2 -4 4 -2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 4 4 3 6 9 10-10 10 -10 Work out the x and y co-ordinates to plot by substituting the t values

5. Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane You can define x and y coordinates on a curve using separate functions, x = f(t) and y = g(t) A curve has parametric equations: Find the Cartesian equation of the curve 2A Rewrite t in terms of x, and then substitute it into the y equation… Divide by 2 Replace t with x / 2 Simplify

6. Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane You can define x and y coordinates on a curve using separate functions, x = f(t) and y = g(t) A curve has parametric equations: Find the Cartesian equation of the curve 2A Rewrite t in terms of x, and then substitute it into the y equation… Multiply by (t + 1) Divide by x Subtract 1 Replace t 1 = x / x Put the fractions together Simplify

8. You need to be able to use Parametric equations to solve problems in coordinate geometry The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: The curve meets the x-axis at the points A and B. Find their coordinates. 2B Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane AB At points A and B, y = 0  Sub y = 0 in to find t at these points y = 0 + t 2 Remember both answers So t = ±2  Sub this into the x equation to find the x-coordinates of A and B Sub in t = 2Sub in t = -2  A and B are (-3,0) and (1,0)

9. You need to be able to use Parametric equations to solve problems in coordinate geometry A curve has Parametric equations: where a is a constant. Given that the curve passes through (2,0), find the value of a. 2B Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane We know there is a coordinate where x = 2 and y = 0, Sub y = 0 into its equation y = 0 The ‘a’ part cannot be 0 or there would not be any equations! Subtract 8 Cube root So the t value at the coordinate (2,0) is -2 Since we know that at (2,0), x = 2 and t = -2, we can put these into the x equation to find a Sub in x and t values Divide by -2 The actual equations with a = -1

10. You need to be able to use Parametric equations to solve problems in coordinate geometry A curve is given Parametrically by: The line x + y + 4 = 0 meets the curve at point A. Find the coordinates of A. 2B Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane The first thing we need to do is to find the value of t at coordinate A  Sub x and y equations into the line equation Replace x and y with their equations ‘Tidy up’ Factorise Find t So t = -2 where the curve and line meet (point A) We know an equation for x and one for y, and we now have the t value to put into them… Sub t = -2 The curve and line meet at (4, -8)

12. You need to be able to convert Parametric equations into Cartesian equations A Cartesian equation is just an equation of a line where the variables used are x and y only A curve has Parametric equations: a) Find the Cartesian equation of the curve b) Sketch the curve 2C Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane We need to eliminate t from the equations Isolate sint Isolate cost Replace sint and cost The equation is that of a circle  Think about where the centre will be, and its radius 5-5 5 Centre = (2, -3) Radius = 1

13. You need to be able to convert Parametric equations into Cartesian equations A Cartesian equation is just an equation of a line where the variables used are x and y only A curve has Parametric equations: a) Find the Cartesian equation of the curve 2C Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane We need to eliminate t from the equations Use the double angle formula from C3 Replace sint with x Square Rearrange Replace sin 2 t with x 2 Square root We can now replace cos t Another way of writing this (by squaring the whole of each side)

15. You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The Area under a curve is given by: By the Chain rule: 2D Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane Integrate the equation with respect to x y multiplied by dx / dt (x differentiated with respect to t) Integrate the whole expression with respect to t (Remember you don’t have to do anything with the dt at the end!)

16. You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations A curve has Parametric equations: Work out: 2D Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane Differentiate Sub in y and dx / dt Multiply Remember to Integrate now. A common mistake is forgetting to! Sub in the two limits Work out the answer!

17. You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: The curve meets the x-axis at x = 0 and x = 9. The shaded region is bounded by the curve and the x-axis. a)Find the value of t when: i)x = 0 ii)x = 9 b) Find the Area of R 2D Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane 09 R x = 0 Square root x = 9 Square root t ≥ 0 i)ii) Normally when you integrate to find an area, you use the limits of x, and substitute them into the equation When integrating using Parametric Equations, you need to use the limits of t (since we integrate with respect to t, not x) The limits of t are worked out using the limits of x, as we have just done

18. You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: The curve meets the x-axis at x = 0 and x = 9. The shaded region is bounded by the curve and the x-axis. a)Find the value of t when: i)x = 0 ii)x = 9 b) Find the Area of R  Limits of t are 3 and 0 2D Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane 09 R Differentiate Sub in y and dx / dt Multiply INTEGRATE!! (don’t forget!) Sub in 3 and 0 Work out the answer

19. You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: Calculate the finite area inside the loop… 2D Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane 08 We have the x limits, we need the t limits x = 0 Halve and square root x = 8 Halve and square root Our t values are 0 and ±2 We have 3 t values. We now have to integrate twice, once using 2 and once using -2  One gives the area above the x-axis, and the other the area below (in this case the areas are equal but only since the graph is symmetrical)

20. You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: Calculate the finite area inside the loop… 2D Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane The t limits are 0 and ±2 Sub in y and dx / dt Multiply out INTEGRATE!!!! Sub in 0 and -2 Differentiate At this point we can just double the answer, but just to show you the other pairs give the same answer (as the graph was symmetrical) 08

21. You need to be able to find the area under a curve when it is given by Parametric equations The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with Parametric equations: Calculate the finite area inside the loop… 2D Coordinate Geometry in the (x,y) plane Sub in y and dx / dt Multiply out INTEGRATE!!!! Sub in 0 and -2 Differentiate Here you end up subtracting a negative… Double The t limits are 0 and ±2 08

22. Summary We have learnt what Parametric equations are We have seen how to write them as a Cartesian equation We have seen how to calculate areas beneath Parametric equations