1. Paul McKenna Royal Society of Edinburgh Research Fellow A review of high-intensity laser-driven ion acceleration and induced nuclear phenomena LEIF Meeting, June 2003

2. Introduction Accelerating gradient ~TV/m

3. Laser-driven proton acceleration

4. CPA pulse Target CCD camera Protons 0.1mm 0.25mm 0.5mm 1.0mm BACK Cu activation stack Front Back Front Proton acceleration on Vulcan petawatt

5. Proton beam quality measurements Normalised emittance  N < 0.5  mm mrad at 40 MeV (c.f. CERN Linac2, protons ~50 MeV:  N ~1.7  mm mrad) Film Cu filters 10  m structure 50  m Au 45 mm ~28 MeV ~35 MeV 1 cm Structure after substracting the general intensity rise in the middle Source size:~40  m for 40 MeV; :~150  m for 4 MeV

6. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 14 N + p  11 C + 4 He 11 C20 mins 13 C + p  13 N + n 13 N10 mins 15 N + p  15 O + n 15 O2 mins 18 O + p  18 F + n 18 F1.7 hours

7. Laser driven PET isotope production

9. Automated FDG Synthesis 1. 18 F ions are trapped on a cartridge and enriched water [O 18 ]H 2 O is recovered 2. 18 F used in labelling reaction

10. Laser-driven heavy ion acceleration

11. Heavy ion acceleration measurements Target foil Pinhole Thomson parabola spectrometer Activation material VULCAN pulse CR39 Ions 2.5cm 220cm 5cm References: Clark et al., Phys.Rev. Lett., 85, 1654 (2000) Krushelnick et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 28, 1184 (2000)

12. Nuclear activation: Experiment arrangement Activation samples Resistively heated target Iodine samples Laser pulse

13. Ion-induced reactions: Typical gamma spectrum 860  C Main target: 100  m Fe, Activation target: C

14. Fusion-evaporation reactions observed Fusion-evaporation reactions: 56 Fe + 12 C  67 Ge + n 56 Fe + 12 C  66 Ge + 2n 56 Fe + 12 C  66 Ga + p + n 56 Fe + 12 C  65 Ga + p + 2n 56 Fe + 12 C  63 Zn +  + n 56 Fe + 12 C  62 Zn +  + 2n 56 Fe + 12 C  61 Cu +  + p + 2n 56 Fe + 12 C  60 Cu +  + p + 3n PACE2 – calculated cross-sections

15. Typical deduced ion spectrum Protons: 63 Cu(p,n) 63 Zn Cold: 16 kBq 860  C: 100 Bq Fe ions: E max > 7 MeV/nucleon N ~ 5 x 10 11, C ~ 0.5  C I ~ MA (~ ps pulse)

16. Laser-driven photo-nuclear reactions

17. Nuclear activation: Experiment arrangement Activation samples Resistively heated target Iodine samples Laser pulse

18. Photo-induced transmutation 129 I is a nuclear waste product Half-life = 15.7 million years 129 I( ,n) 128 I 128 I: Half-life = 25 minutes

19. KWD Ledingham, P McKenna, J Yang, S Shimizu, T McCanny, L Robson, R P Singhal Personnel General Review: K.W.D.Ledingham, P.McKenna and R.P.Singhal, Science, 16 th May 2003 K Krushelnick, MS Wei, P Nickelson, S Mangles RJ Clarke, PA Norreys, KL Lancaster, S Karsch J Galy, J Magill R Chapman, K Spohr J Zweit, J Gillies Paterson institute for Cancer Research M Zepf M Roth, E Brambrink, M Hegelich