1. Perception

2. Perception: is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

3. Factors Influencing Perception: 1.) Perceiver 2.) Target 3.) Situation

4. Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

5. Attribution Theory Two Types of Causes: 1) Internal 2) External

6. Three Factors of the Attribution Theory: 1. ) Distinctiveness 2
Three Factors of the Attribution Theory: ) Distinctiveness ) Consensus ) Consistency

7. Self Serving Bias

8. Fundamental Attribution Error

9. Shortcuts in Judging Others:
1.) Selective Perception
2.) Halo Effect
3.) Contrast Effects
4.) Projection
5.) Stereotyping

10. Specific Applications in Organizations:
1.) Employment Interview
2.) Performance Expectations
(Self Fulfilling Prophecy)
3.) Performance Evaluation
4.) Employee Effort

11. Perception & Individual decision Making
1 Top Managers
Middle & Lower level
Non Managerial Employees
Decision making in Organizations
Rational Decision making
Bounded Rationality
Intuition

12. Common Biases & errors in Decision Making
1 Over Confidence Bias
Anchoring Bias
Confirmation Bias
Availability Bias
Escalation of commitment
Randomness error
Winner’s curse
Hindsight Bias

13. 1)Individual Differences
Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences & Organizational Constraints
1)Individual Differences
- Personality
- Gender

14. 2) Organizational Constraints
- Performance evaluation
- Reward System
- Formal Regulations
- System - Imposed Time Constraints
- Historical precedents

15. Ethical Decision Making ?
Ethical Decision Criteria:
Utilitarianism
Rights
Justice
Improving Creativity in Decision making:-