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Chapter 16 Social Psychology
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Chapter 16 Preview Constructing Social Reality
The Power of the Situation Attitudes, Attitude Change, and Action
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Chapter 16 Preview Prejudice Social Relationships
Aggression, Altruism, and Prosocial Behavior Recapping Main Points
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Social Psychology Social Psychology
Studies effect of social variables on individual behavior, attitudes, perceptions, and motives also studies group and intergroup phenomena
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Constructing Social Reality
Social Cognition Process by which people select, interpret, and remember social information Social Perception Process by which people come to understand and categorize the behaviors of others
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Origins of Attribution Theory
Describes ways social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations
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Origins of Attribution Theory
Fritz Heider People are intuitive psychologists Dispositional causes Situational causes
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Origins of Attribution Theory
Harold Kelly Covariation model Dimensions of information Distinctiveness Consistency Consensus Covariation principle People should attribute behaviors to a causal factor if the factor is present whenever the behavior occurred but was absent when it did not occur
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Lee Ross Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) Tendency to underestimate impact of situational factors and overestimate influence of dispositional factors Partially due to cultural sources Independent construals of self/Western Interdependent construal of self/Eastern
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Ratings of Questioners’ and Contestants’ General Knowledge
Figure 16.1, page 448
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Taking credit for successes and denying responsibility for failures
Self-serving Biases Self-Serving Bias Taking credit for successes and denying responsibility for failures Influenced by culture
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Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Prediction modifies interactions so as to produce what is expected Behavioral Confirmation People behave in ways that elicit specific expected reactions and then use those reactions to confirm their beliefs
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The Power of the Situation
Social Role Social-defined pattern of behavior Rule Behavioral guideline for acting in certain way at certain time Social Norms Expectation group has for its members
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Conformity Conformity
Tendency for people to adopt behaviors, attitudes, and values of other members of group
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Guard and Prisoner Behavior
Figure 16.2, page 453
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Information Influence
Conformity Influence Information Influence Normative Influence Information Influence Sherif’s autokinetic effect Norm crystallization Normative Influence Asch effect
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Conformity in the Asch Experiment
Figure 13.3, page 455
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Conformity Minority Influence and Nonconformity Serge Moscovici
and colleagues More informational influence and less normative influence
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Decision Making in Groups
Group Polarization Tendency of groups to make more extreme decisions then decisions that would be made by members acting alone Two underlying process Information-influence Social comparison
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Groupthink Groupthink Irving Janis
Tendency of decision making group to filter out undesirable input so that consensus may be reached
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Groupthink Factors leading to Groupthink:
High level of group cohesiveness Isolation of group from outside information or influences Dynamic, influential leader High stress from external threats
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Obedience to Authority
Obedience paradigm To shock or not to shock? Why do people obey authority? Test situation To shock or not to shock? Demand characteristics Why do people obey authority? Normative and informational sources of information
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Obedience in Milgram’s Experiments
Figure 16.4 here, page 459
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Attitudes, Attitude Change, and Action
Positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, and ideas Cognitive Affective Behavioral Predictability of attitudes influenced by accessibility
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Processes of Persuasion
Elaboration Likelihood Model How likely people will focus their cognitive process to elaborate on persuasive message Central routes Peripheral routes
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Persuasion By Your Own Actions
Dissonance Theory Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger Conflict experienced after making decision, taking action, or being exposed to information that is contrary to prior beliefs, feelings, or values
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Persuasion By Your Own Actions
Self-perception Theory Daryl Bem People observe themselves to discover why they act as they do
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Compliance Reciprocity Reciprocity norm Compliance
Change in behavior consistent with direct request Compliance Techniques Reciprocity Commitment Reciprocity Reciprocity norm
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Prejudice Prejudice How do you define prejudice?
Learned attitude towards target object, involving negative feelings, negative beliefs that justify attitude and behavioral intention to avoid, control, dominate, or eliminate those in target group Kenneth Clark
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Social Categorization
Origins of Prejudice Process by which people organize their social environment by categorizing themselves and others into groups In-group Out-groups Social Categorization In-group Group with which a person identifies Out-groups Group with which a person does not identify
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In-group bias Origins of Prejudice
Evaluation of one’s own group as better then others In-group bias
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Origins of Prejudice Racism Sexism
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Effects of Stereotypes
Generalizations about group of people in which same characteristics are assigned to all members of group Stereotypes encode expectations People use stereotypical behaviors to produce behavioral confirmation
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Effects of Stereotypes
Expectations encoding Behavior confirmations Stereotype threat (IQ testing)
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Implicit Prejudice Implicit Prejudice
Prejudice that exists outside an individual’s conscious awareness Implicit Association Test (IAT)
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Robbers Cave Experiment
Reversing Prejudice Reversing Prejudice Muzafer Sherif Robbers Cave Experiment Elliott Aronson Contact hypothesis Contact hypothesis Program combating prejudice must foster personal interaction in pursuit of shared goals
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Physical attractiveness Similarity Reciprocity Loving
Social Relationships Liking Physical attractiveness Similarity Reciprocity Loving Passion Intimacy Commitment
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Factors in Lasting Relationships
Close relationship Feeling that “other” is included in “self” Individuals differences in ability to sustain lasting, loving relationships Adult attachment styles
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Psychology in Your Life
In what ways are you like a chameleon? Why do Chartrand and Bargh speculate that mimicry functions as a kind of social glue? For more information, read the study on page 473 of your text.
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Aggression, Altruism, and Prosocial Behavior
Behavior that cause psychological or physical harm to another individual
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Aggression Situational Influences Individual Differences
Impulsive Aggression Instrumental Aggression Situational Influences Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Direct Provocation and Escalation
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Reciprocal Altruism Altruism Altruism Altruism
Prosocial behaviors without consideration for self safety or interests
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Bystander Intervention
Bystander must notice emergency label events as emergency feel responsibility
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Roots of Prosocial Behavior
Forces that prompt people to act for public good Altruism Egoism Collectivism Principlism C. Daniel Batson
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Effects of the Situation on Prosocial Behavior
Bystander Intervention Bib Latané and John Darley Willingness to assist person in need Diffusion of Responsibility Larger number of bystanders, less responsibility any one bystander feels to help
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Recapping Chapter 16 Main Points
Origins of Attribution Theory Fundamental Attribution Error Self-Serving Biases Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Behaviors that Confirm Expectations Constructing Social Reality
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Recapping Chapter 16 Main Points
Attribution Theory Fundamental Attribution Error Self-Serving Bias Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Constructing Social Reality
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Recapping Chapter 16 Main Points
Attitudes and Behaviors Processes of Persuasion Persuasion by Your Own Actions Compliance Attitudes, Attitude Change, and Action Origins of Prejudice Effects of Stereotypes Reversing Prejudice Prejudice
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Recapping Chapter 16 Main Points
Liking Loving Social Relationships Individual Differences Situational Influences Roots of Altruism Effects of the Situation on Prosocial Behavior Aggression, Altruism, and Prosocial Behavior
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