1. HOW DO WE “SEE” THE PEOPLE AROUND US? Lecture 7c Lecture 7c COMN 2111 THE PERCEPTION PROCESS

2. SCHEMAS FOR: SIMPLE, INTERNALLY CONSISTENT PERCEPTIONS: Reminder FIRST IMPRESSIONS  THE PRIMACY EFFECT  WE SEE PEOPLE AS UNITARY WHOLES  WE ORGANIZE OUR PERCEPTIONS AROUND KEY TRAITS  COLD-WARM  PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS

3. The Illusion of Beauty

5. SCHEMAS LIMIT PERSON PERCEPTION MORE PRE-PACKAGED REALITY SCHEMAS  IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORY  JIM IS HANDSOME, TALL (FLABBY, MUSCULAR)  ROLE NAMES AND EXPECTATIONS  TEACHER-STUDENT, DR.-PATIENT  CHARACTER NAMES/SCRIPTS  GOOD FRIEND, COOL DUDE  STEREOTYPES

6.  STEREOTYPES: GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT INDIVIDUALS BASED ON THEIR MEMBERSHIP IN A GROUP -- PROXIMITY, RESEMBLANCE. COMMUNICATION SHORTCUT - BUT NOT TO UNDERSTANDING  TELL US WHAT PEOPLE MAY SHARE NOT WHAT THEY DO SHARE  DIFFERENCES WITHIN GROUPS OFTEN GREATER THAN BETWEEN GROUPS SCHEMAS LIMIT PERSON PERCEPTION

7. FOUR AXIOMS OF INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION  WE ARE HIGHLY SELECTIVE  WE SEEK CONSISTENCY BETWEEN  SELF-CONCEPT  OWN BEHAVIOR  EXTERNAL FEEDBACK DATA  IF WE CAN’T ALTER CHALLENGING DATA, WE DISTORT OR IGNORE  PEOPLE WILL CHANGE PERCEPTIONS IF ACTIVELY INVOLVED

8. PERCEPTION AND EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY  BESIDES INTERNALLY CONSISTENT PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS, WE ALSO TRY TO KEEP AN  EXTERNALLY CONSISTENT BALANCE BETWEEN PERCEPTIONS OF SELF, OTHER AND THINGS THAT BOTH PERCEIVE  EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY MODEL I EXPECT A PERSON I LIKE TO LIKE MEI EXPECT A PERSON I LIKE TO LIKE ME TO LIKE THE THINGS I LIKETO LIKE THE THINGS I LIKE TO DISLIKE THE THINGS I DISLIKE.TO DISLIKE THE THINGS I DISLIKE.  BESIDES INTERNALLY CONSISTENT PERCEPTIONS OF OTHERS, WE ALSO TRY TO KEEP AN  EXTERNALLY CONSISTENT BALANCE BETWEEN PERCEPTIONS OF SELF, OTHER AND THINGS THAT BOTH PERCEIVE  EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY MODEL I EXPECT A PERSON I LIKE TO LIKE MEI EXPECT A PERSON I LIKE TO LIKE ME TO LIKE THE THINGS I LIKETO LIKE THE THINGS I LIKE TO DISLIKE THE THINGS I DISLIKE.TO DISLIKE THE THINGS I DISLIKE.

9. CONSISTENCY MODEL OF PERCEPTION X O P

10. X O P

11. PERCEPTION AND STABILITY OVER TIME  PERCEPTIONS OF OTHER REMAIN STABLE OVER TIME  LIMITED NEW INFORMATION –BE NICE  PERCEPTIONS OF OTHER REMAIN STABLE OVER TIME  LIMITED NEW INFORMATION –BE NICE

12. PERCEPTION AND STABILITY OVER TIME  SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY WE PREDICT HOW OTHERS WILL BEHAVEWE PREDICT HOW OTHERS WILL BEHAVE WE ACT TOWARD THEM AS IF THAT WERE TRUE.WE ACT TOWARD THEM AS IF THAT WERE TRUE. THEY RESPOND APPROPRIATELY AND OUR PREDICTION BECOMES TRUE.THEY RESPOND APPROPRIATELY AND OUR PREDICTION BECOMES TRUE.  YOU OBSERVE THE EFFECTS OF YOUR BEHAVIOR AND WHAT YOU SEE REAFFIRMS YOUR BELIEF.  YOU PERCEIVE THEIR ACTIONS AS BEING CAUSED ONLY BY THEM -NOT BY YOUR BEHAVIOR - YOU ATTRIBUTE INTERNAL MOTIVATION TO THEM  SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY WE PREDICT HOW OTHERS WILL BEHAVEWE PREDICT HOW OTHERS WILL BEHAVE WE ACT TOWARD THEM AS IF THAT WERE TRUE.WE ACT TOWARD THEM AS IF THAT WERE TRUE. THEY RESPOND APPROPRIATELY AND OUR PREDICTION BECOMES TRUE.THEY RESPOND APPROPRIATELY AND OUR PREDICTION BECOMES TRUE.  YOU OBSERVE THE EFFECTS OF YOUR BEHAVIOR AND WHAT YOU SEE REAFFIRMS YOUR BELIEF.  YOU PERCEIVE THEIR ACTIONS AS BEING CAUSED ONLY BY THEM -NOT BY YOUR BEHAVIOR - YOU ATTRIBUTE INTERNAL MOTIVATION TO THEM

13. PERCEPTION: STABILITY OVER TIME  Attribution Process by which we try to explain motives for others’ behaviorProcess by which we try to explain motives for others’ behavior  Self-Serving Bias You see your negative behavior as the consequence of situations. You see others negative behavior as internally motivated.You see your negative behavior as the consequence of situations. You see others negative behavior as internally motivated.  Over-attribution S ingle out 1 or 2 obvious characteristics and attribute everything a person does to theseS ingle out 1 or 2 obvious characteristics and attribute everything a person does to these

14. INCREASING ACCURACY OF YOUR PERCEPTIONS  DON’T JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS  THIS IS A “SCHEMA” NOT REALITY  AVOID ONE-CLUE CONCLUSIONS  RESPOND WITH A “HYPOTHESIS” NOT A CONCLUSION - LOOK FOR MORE INFO  AVOID MIND-READING  NO MATER HOW MUCH YOU SEE YOU ARE STILL GUESSING - ASK ABOUT THEIR MOTIVES DON’T GUESS  DESCRIBE YOUR PERCEPTIONS  ASK FOR CONFIRMATION OF WHAT YOU SEE/HEAR  DON’T JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS  THIS IS A “SCHEMA” NOT REALITY  AVOID ONE-CLUE CONCLUSIONS  RESPOND WITH A “HYPOTHESIS” NOT A CONCLUSION - LOOK FOR MORE INFO  AVOID MIND-READING  NO MATER HOW MUCH YOU SEE YOU ARE STILL GUESSING - ASK ABOUT THEIR MOTIVES DON’T GUESS  DESCRIBE YOUR PERCEPTIONS  ASK FOR CONFIRMATION OF WHAT YOU SEE/HEAR