1. Clean Energy Standards 101 Justin Barnes, Senior Analyst North Carolina Solar Center January 26, 2012

2. State of the Union: RPS

3. State of the Union: Solar

4. SRECs In general, SRECs are a form of Renewable Energy Certificate or "Green tag" o SREC sale opportunities exist in states that have RPS legislation with specific requirements for solar energy, usually referred to as a "solar carve-out" States define SRECs differently State policy variations ultimately determine what an SREC is worth and how the generator is able to receive value from its sale

5. Major State Policy Variations Regulated vs. Restructured Electricity Markets o Determines the obligated entity: Utilities vs. Energy Suppliers (may include IOUs) o Often determines the transaction type: standard offer incentive programs (CO) vs. open trading markets (PA) vs. open trading with regulation (NJ, MA) o Penalty/compliance provisions: administrative penalties vs. SACPs (vary by state) Resource eligibility o Geographic/electricity delivery restrictions (e.g., in-state, in-region) o Resource definitions (PV only, all DG, solar water heating) o Specific size limits or other effective limitations Targets and Timelines o Modest targets (e.g., NC 0.2% by 2018) vs. ambitious targets (e.g., DE 3.5% PV by 2026) o Target formulation: MW (MA), MWh (NJ), % (most others) o Increase schedule: annual forward (most states), plateau (NM, NV), variable (MA)

6. Basic Market Demand Equation Basic Market Demand Equation SREC demand = (% standard) X (forecast retail sales) MW demand = (SREC Demand)/(Annual production (est.) per MW) Complicating Factors Establishing accurate long-term retail sales forecasts Estimating solar % for DG carve-outs (or solar thermal electric vs. PV) Accounting for multi-year SREC lifetimes/carryovers Accounting for multipliers if they exist now or in the past Relevance of cost containment provisions Prospects of policy change

7. The Other Side: Supply SREC demand is state specific, but supply may not be Broader eligibility typically equals lower SREC values Map Source: FERC (eligibility arrows added)

8. Ongoing Implementation Issues Reliance on market forces vs. more “bankable” mechanisms Role of different sectors (residential, commercial, utility-scale) Balancing cost and ratepayer impacts vs. ratepayer benefits

9. Contact: Justin Barnes justin_barnes@ncsu.edu www.dsireusa.org www.ncsc.ncsu.edu justin_barnes@ncsu.edu www.dsireusa.org www.ncsc.ncsu.edu justin_barnes@ncsu.edu www.dsireusa.org www.ncsc.ncsu.edu