1. You don’t know what you don’t know But does it matter? Or is everything inconclusive?

2. Disclaimer The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense In fact, they may not even be the same views as those of my Technical Leader or my Boss, and they are both up on stage with me

3. Disclaimer (continued) To be honest, some things I may say today aren’t even my real opinions I’ve been known to play Devil’s Advocate just to make things interesting (In other words, sometimes I stir the pot just for the fun of it)

4. What is this profile? (ID amp)

5. This profile is… 1.Not interpretable 2.Single source female 3.Single source male 4.2 person mixture 5.3 person mixture 6.Cannot determine # of contributors 7.A “no-brainer” Countdown 30 0 of 30

6. What about this one? (Y amp)

7. This profile is… 1.Not interpretable 2.Single source 3.2 person mixture 4.3 person mixture 5.Cannot determine # of contributors 6.A “no-brainer” 7.It would be OK, but 11 at Y-GATA… Countdown 30 0 of 30

8. It’s the same sample! The first one is an Identifiler amp of Victim’s underwear. The second one is a Yfiler amp of the exact same extract. 1 uL taken for ID amp (then diluted), followed by ~3 uL taken for Y amp from the same extract tube. (Other samples in the case show an Identifiler match from V evidence to S reference)

9. Yfiler profile of panties

10. Suspect Yfiler profile

11. Victim Identifiler profile

12. Suspect Identifiler profile

13. S V Alleles in common for V and S S D21 30111211*14812*23 D7 S V CSF S V S V D13* D19 S V TPOX V D5* SV FGA S V

14. Now what? What does this mean? Does this change your assessment of the ID profile from V underwear? – You know there is a male in the sample – That male shares some alleles with the female – Did the enzyme sort through the shared alleles and only amplify DNA that came from female cells?

15. What do you think about original ID profile? 1.Cannot interpret 2.Single source female 3.Mixture CONSISTENT with 2 4.Mixture AT LEAST 2 Countdown 30 0 of 30

16. What’s the point? You never know what you don’t know In other words, you can never be 100% certain of anything Is this bad? – Uh oh, is all data inconclusive? – Should we do CPI stat on every sample? # of contributors irrelevant Easy to explain… … but that whole stochastic drop out problem

17. Here’s the point You must draw a line in the sand everytime you make an interpretation – Validation studies – Interpretation guidelines – Your experience If it walks like a duck, talks like a duck, swims like a duck…. Might as well call it a duck.

18. What do I say? I still interpret that profile as a single source female. I have to go with what I see. – My validation studies – Interpretation guidelines/protocols – My experience – Plus, my tech reviewer agrees or report doesn’t go out.

19. Take a stand on the stand If it’s consistent with a two person mixture, go ahead and interpret it as such. If it appears to be a three person mixture, treat it that way. State your opinion, and be confident. – Validation studies and mixture guidelines/protocols. – Your experience. – Your technical review process.

20. Should we do this? Section 3.6.5 – SWGDAM Define how you determine # of contributors in your protocols State it in your report 3.6.5. Because assumptions regarding the origin of evidence or the number of contributors to a mixture can impact comparisons, the laboratory should establish guidelines for documenting any assumptions that are made when formulating conclusions.

21. Wording We used to routinely say… – A mixture of DNA profiles from at least two individuals was obtained from the... Now as much as possible we say… – A mixture of DNA profiles consistent with originating from two individuals was obtained from the…

22. But what if… How do you handle it if challenged in court about the number of contributors? Here’s what I do: (Not telling you to do this) – Explain why I say 2 people (or 3) – Explain the difference between “consistent with 2 people” and “a mixture of 2 people” – If I keep getting challenged….

23. Why do I bring this up? The interpretations that you’ll see during this workshop rely on being able to determine the number of contributors The CPI stat is pretty much the only thing to use when you don’t know how many contributors The CPI stat has some limitations that affect how you can interpret a sample

24. These nifty “clickers” There are no right or wrong answers Answer as best you can the way your lab would do things We can all learn how our lab compares to other labs No one will know how you answered

25. Did you look at the examples we emailed or watched the videos? Countdown 30 1.What email? 2.I looked at them but… 3.I applied my lab’s interpretation to them 4.I was going to do it on the plane, but there was this movie…. 0 of 30