1. Slide 1 Richard T. Schaefer 1 st Edition Slide 1 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. chapter seven Sociology in Modules Deviance and Social Control

2. Slide 2 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Module 23: Social Control Module 24: What Is Deviance? Module 25: Crime Deviance and Social Control 7

3. Slide 3 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. █ When does conformity verge on deviance? A Look Ahead █ How does a society control its members █ What are the consequences of deviance?

4. Slide 4 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Control █ Social control: Techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society –Parents –Peer groups –Companies –Government Module 23

5. Slide 5 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Control █ Sanctions: penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm –Death penalty ultimate formal sanction –Subject of controversy centered on effectiveness of this sanction as social control Module 23

6. Slide 6 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Conformity and Obedience █ Conformity: Going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior █ Obedience: Compliance with higher authorities in an hierarchical structure Module 23

7. Slide 7 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Two-thirds of participants fell into category of “obedient subjects” Conformity and Obedience █ The Milgram Experiment –Experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject Module 23

8. Slide 8 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Interplay between formal and informal social control can be complicated, especially if informal social control encourages people to violate social norms Informal and Formal Social Control █ Informal social control: Used casually to enforce norms █ Formal social control: Carried out by authorized agents Module 23

9. Slide 9 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology on Campus █ Why do most college students regard binge drinking as a normal rather than a deviant behavior? █ Do you think informal social control or do you think formal social control would be more effective in stopping binge drinking on your campus? Module 23

10. Slide 10 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Law and Society █ Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws –Law: Governmental social control The legal order reflects values of those in a position to exercise authority –Control Theory: Our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms Module 23

11. Slide 11 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 23-1: U.S. Imprisonment Rate, 1980-2008 Module 23

12. Slide 12 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 23-2: Executions by State Since 1976 Module 23

13. Slide 13 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 23-3: The Status of Medical Marijuana Module 23

14. Slide 14 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Deviance? █ Deviance: Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society –Involves violation of group norms, which may or may not be formalized into law –Social definition within a particular society and at a particular time Module 24

15. Slide 15 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Deviance? █ Deviance and Social Stigma –Stigma: Labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups █ Deviance and Technology –Technological innovations can redefine social interactions and standards of behavior related to them Module 24

16. Slide 16 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist Perspective █ Durkheim’s Legacy –Punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior and contribute to stability –Erikson illustrated boundary- maintenance function of deviance –Anomie: Loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective Module 24

17. Slide 17 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist Perspective █ Merton’s Theory of Deviance Conformist Innovator Ritualist Retreatist Rebel –Anomie Theory of Deviance: How people adapt in certain ways by conforming to or by deviating from cultural expectations Module 24

18. Slide 18 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Interactionist Perspective █ Cultural Transmission Theory –Cultural transmission: Humans learn how to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly –Differential association: Process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules (Sutherland) Module 24

19. Slide 19 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Some claim social disorganization theory seems to “blame the victim” Interactionist Perspective █ Social Disorganization Theory: Increases in crime and deviance attributed to absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions Module 24

20. Slide 20 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Interactionist Perspective █ Labeling Theory: Attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not; also known as societal-reaction approach Societal-reaction approach: Response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance Module 24

21. Slide 21 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Interactionist Perspective █ Social Constructionist Perspective –Deviance is a product of the culture we live in –Focus on decision making process that creates the deviant identity Module 24

22. Slide 22 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Interactionist Perspective █ Labeling and Sexual Deviance –Definition of deviant sexual behavior varied significantly over time and from culture to culture Use of terms, even in positive way, still implies human sexuality can be confined in neat, exclusive categories Definition of sexual deviance seems to change with each generation Module 24

23. Slide 23 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict Theory █ People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs –Differential justice: Differences in way social control is exercised over different groups Module 24

24. Slide 24 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Feminist Perspective █ Adler and Chesney-Lind argue existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with men in mind –Society tends to treat women in stereotypical fashion Cultural views and attitudes toward women influence how they are perceived and labeled Module 24

25. Slide 25 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Research Today █ Does Crime Pay? –Do you know anyone who has stolen out of need? If so, did the person feel justified in stealing, or did he or she feel guilty? How long did the theft continue? –Economically, profit is the difference between revenues and costs. What are the costs of the illegal drug trade, both economic and social? Module 24

26. Slide 26 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 24-1: Modes of Individual Adaptation Module 24

27. Slide 27 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 24-2: Sociological Perspectives on Deviance Module 24

28. Slide 28 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Crime █ Crime: Violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties █ Index crimes –Murder –Rape –Robbery –Assault –Burglary –Theft –Motor vehicle theft –Arson Module 25

29. Slide 29 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Crime █ Sociologists classify crimes in terms of how they are committed and how society views the offenses –Victimless crimes –Professional crime –Organized crime –White-collar and technology-based crime –Transnational crime Module 25

30. Slide 30 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Crime █ Victimless crimes: Willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services █ Professional crime: Many people make a career of illegal activities –Professional criminal: Person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation Module 25

31. Slide 31 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Crime █ Organized crime: Group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities –Dominates world of illegal business just as large corporations dominate conventional businesses –Serves as means of upward mobility for groups of people struggling to escape poverty Module 25

32. Slide 32 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Crime █ White Collar and Technology-Based Crime –White Collar crime: Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities –Computer crime: Use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud –Corporate crime: Any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government Module 25

33. Slide 33 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Crime █ Transnational Crime –Crime that occurs across multiple national borders International crime spans the globe Module 25

34. Slide 34 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology on Campus █ Campus Crime –Is crime a problem on your campus? If so, what kinds of crime? What have college officials done to discourage it? –Choose two theories of crime discussed in this chapter and apply them to crimes that have occurred on your campus. Which theory seems to fit better? Module 25

35. Slide 35 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 25-1: Types of Transnational Crime Module 25

36. Slide 36 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Crime Statistics █ Reported crime is very high in the U.S., so public regards crime as major social problem –Only track crimes that are reported to law enforcement agencies –Victimization Surveys: Surveys of ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crime Module 25

37. Slide 37 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Understanding Crime Statistics █ International Crime Rates –Violent crimes much more common in U.S. than Western Europe in 1980s and 1990s Disturbing increases in violent crime are evident in other Western societies Module 25

38. Slide 38 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 25-2: National Crime Rates and Percentage Change Module 25

39. Slide 39 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 25-1: Victimization Rates, 1973-2007 Module 25

40. Slide 40 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gun Control █ Understanding the Issue –Role of firearms in crime remains fairly consistent despite reported crime decrease –Brady act not enough for gun control supporters –In 2008, Supreme Court struck down a near-total ban on handguns in Washington, D.C. Module 25

41. Slide 41 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gun Control █ Applying Sociology –About 42% of U.S. households have some type of firearm on premises –About half of all adults in U.S. favor stricter laws covering sale of firearms –National Rifle Association uses impressive power to block or dilute gun control Module 25

42. Slide 42 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gun Control █ Sociological Insights –Conflict theorists: powerful groups like NRA dominate legislative process –Interactionists: gun control opponents and proponents use symbols to their advantage Module 25

43. Slide 43 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gun Control █ Initiating Policy –Advocates for stricter gun control want more tools for law enforcement, extended checks on gun sales, and an end to large-volume gun sales –Meets strong opposition from NRA and fire arms manufacturers –Public health advocates engaging the issue Module 25

44. Slide 44 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 25-2: Restrictiveness of State Gun Laws Module 25