1. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 1500-1800 Focuses on the far-reaching changes in life in Western Europe brought about by the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

2. Scientists Challenged Old Assumptions Chapter 16.4 p. 386

3.  a.Geocentric Theory  Theory that Earth was the center of the universe  b.Heliocentric Theory  Theory that the Sun was the center of the universe  c.Scientific Method  Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Define:

4.  e.Vesalius  Flemish doctor who studied human anatomy  f.Harvey  English doctor who studied the circulation of human blood Identify:

5.  1.a. According to Ptolemy, what was Earth’s position in the universe?  Earth was in the center of the universe  b. How did Copernicus’s view differ?  Earth revolved around the sun  c. Which theory did Kepler’s observations support?  Kepler supported Copernicus’ theory  3.Why was Galileo’s discovery that the moon had a rough and uneven surface important?  It showed that the moon was not made of a pure eternal substance Answer:

6.  5.a. List four new instruments that came into use during the Scientific Revolution.  Telescope, microscope, thermometer, barometer  b. Identify the purpose of each one.  To enlarge far-off objects; to enlarge minute objects; to measure temperatures; to measure atmospheric pressure Answer:

7. European Thinkers Expressed New Ideas Chapter 20.1 p. 460

8.  a.Enlightenment  A period when scholars believed in the use of reason and in the scientific method  b.Philosophe  Thinker who subscribed to the notion that reason could be applied to all aspects of life Define:

9.  a.Newton  Discoverer of laws of gravity  b.Voltaire  French writer and enlightened thinker  e.Encyclopedia  Diderot’s compilation of most current and enlightened thinking Identify:

10.  1.Describe the five ideas that were at the heart of the Enlightenment.  Reason, or the absence of intolerance, bigotry, and prejudice  Nature, including natural laws governing economics and politics  Happiness, or well-being on Earth  Progress, or the notion that human beings and society could be perfected  Liberty, to be obtained through reason  3.a. What was the purpose of the Encyclopedia?  To bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking b. What British work did it inspire?  The Encyclopedia Britannica Answer:

11.  4.a. Describe three scientific accomplishments of the Enlightenment.  The discovery of oxygen, use of inoculation, understanding of electricity, or advances in geography b.Describe the two periods of music that flourished during the Enlightenment.  Baroque - ornate music stressing counterpoint and fugue  Classical - style stressing unity, clarity, balance  5.“If I have seen farther than others,” said Newton, “it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Who were the giants to whom Newton was referring? Could this be said of any scientific accomplishments? Explain. Answer:

12. Writers Advocated Liberty and Reason Chapter 20.2 p. 466

13.  Define:  a.Physiocrat  French Economic Theorists who believed that government regulations interfered with the production of wealth  b.Free Trade  The flow of commerce without government regulation Define:

14.  a.Smith  The author of The Wealth of Nations who supported free trade  b.Montesquieu  A French noble who believed political liberty hinged on separation of powers Identify:

15.  1.a. How did the philosophes feel about economic, religious, and political liberty?  They believed people could be happy only in a society that allowed freedom in these areas  2.What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws of economics?  Self-interest – people are selfish  Competition – forces a better and competitive product  Supply and demand – supplies as much as the market needs  3.b. What did he [Montesquieu] admire about the government of Great Britain?  The separation of powers Answer:

16.  4.a. What was Rousseau's view on government?  A legitimate government ruled with consent of people  5.a. What did Montesquieu mean when he said “Power should be a check to power?”  Each branch of government would limit the power of the other branches, and thus, no branch could become a threat to liberty. Answer: