1. Parasite Management Beth Johnson, DVM Kentucky Department of Agriculture Office of State Veterinarian 502-573-0282 (office) 502-545-6373 (cell) bethc.johnson@ky.gov

2. Common Parasites of Small Ruminants Internal parasites o “HOT” Complex Haemonchus Ostertagia Trichostrongylus o Tapeworms o Coccidiosis o Paralephastrongylus – “Meningeal Worm”

3. Common Parasites of Small Ruminants, contd. External Parasites o Lice o Mites o Ticks o Flies

4. General Lifecyle of Nematodes Eggs are passed in feces. L1 and L2 stage develop in fecal pellet L3 climbs onto grass blades with water droplet Animal consumes blade of grass with L3 L4 and L5 develop within host Adult emerges and produces egg within the host

5. General Life Cycle of P. tenuis (Meningeal Worm)

6. General Life Cycle of Eimeria (Coccidiosis)

7. Signs of Parasitism Loose Stools Unthrifty/Decreased performance(milk production, wool, growth) Bottle Jaw Anemia Wool/Hair loss

8. Treatment Options  Strategic Deworming o Famacha score (1-5) Screening for H. contortus o Parturition o Prior to breeding (Flushing) o Young Kids/lambs o Rotate pastures with animals not susceptible to small ruminant parasites o Fast animals for 12-24 hours prior to deworming, then maintain on dry lot for 8-12 hours afterwards

9. Resistant Parasites How does this happen? Refugia – do not deworm all animals in flock/herd at one time. How to deal with resistant parasites? Anthelmintic Use Select animals for parasite resistance

10. Anthelmintic Types/Uses Moxidectin Ivermectin “White” Dewormers o Fenbendazole o Valbazen (do not use in pregnant animals or young crias) Levamisole Copper Sulfate Coccidia Treatments Sulfadimethoxine 12.5% Amprolium Ponazuril

11. Environment Control Avoid Overcrowding!!!!! Pasture Management o Goats: “Keep their heads up!” o Sheep: Rotational grazing, prevent overgrazing o Keep grass taller than 4 inches o Confinement: Keep area clean o Water: Keep clean fresh water available at all times

12. Use of Alternative Forages and other “Natural” Anthelmintics Sericea lespedeza, chicory, birdsfoot trefoil Diatomaceous earth Botanicals o Pumpkin Seeds o Papaya Seeds o Garlic o No controlled studies on these or their effectiveness as an anthelmintic Copper oxide wire particle boluses (2.5gram Boluses)