1. Do Now
What were the 4 main causes of World War I?

2. Goals for today Review the causes of World War I
Explain why World War One was such a brutal war
Analyze the impact of World War I on Europe and the Rest of the World
Compare and Contrast the different view points that went into creating the Treaty of Versailles

3. MAIN Causes of WWI Militarism – growth of militaries Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism – pride in your country

4. Militarism The build up of armies, navies and weaponry
Imperialist nations had sparked an arms race to defend their holdings and possibly gain or regain territory.
As we learned in the last unit, expanding countries relied on large armies and navies to protect and control their global possessions.
In competition with each other, they created large armies and navies and stockpiled weapons.

5. Alliances
Created to protect national security and provide aide in the event of an attack.

6. Imperialism
Dividing up areas of the world among the more powerful countries
European powers competed with each other for raw materials and colonies

7. Imperialism
This map shows Africa in 1914 and shows how much land the major nations had taken over.
BRITAIN
FRANCE
GERMANY
ITALY
BELGIUM

9. Nationalism
Nations who wanted back land that had natives living there (France and Russia)
Areas that wanted to gain national independence from countries that had engulfed their culture (Czechs and Poles)

10. Nationalism
Ethnic Map of Europe in 1914

11. Europe is a Powder Keg!
One spark would start a war!

12. Assassination! Sarajevo; June 28,1914
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife shot
“Black Hand”
Gavrilo Princip

13. The Black Hand Serbian terrorist organization
Sent a small group of teenage operatives to assassinate the Archduke!

14. Sarajevo – June 28th 1914
The seven conspirators were inexperienced with weapons, and it was only due to a freakish set of coincidences that they were successful. At 10:15 the parade of 4 cars passed the first member of the group, who attempted to shoot from an upstairs window, but couldn't get a clear shot and decided to hold fire so as not to jeopardize the mission by alerting the authorities.
The second member,threw a bomb (or a stick of dynamite, according to some reports) at Ferdinand's car, but missed. The explosion destroyed the following car, wounding the passengers, a policeman and several members of the crowd. The terrorist swallowed his cyanide pill and jumped into the River Miljacka. The procession sped away towards the Town Hall, and the crowd turned into chaos. Police dragged the terrorist out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody. His cyanide pill was either old or of too weak a dosage and had not worked.
Some of the other assassins left upon hearing the explosion, under the assumption that the Archduke had been killed.

15. The Wrong Turn!
The remaining conspirators didn't get an opportunity to attack because of the heavy crowds, and it was beginning to look like the assassination would fail. However, the Archduke decided to go to hospital and visit the victims of the earlier bomb.
Gavrilo Princip had gone to a nearby shop for a sandwich, either having given up or wrongly assuming that the Archduke had died in the explosion, when he spotted Ferdinand's car as it drove past, having taken a wrong turn.
The driver thought the Hospital was on Franz Joseph Street. When he realized his mistake, he put the car into reverse and backed slowly down the street – right in front of Princip!
Dashing up to the car, Princip fired twice: the first round went through the side of the car and hit Sophie (an expectant mother) in the abdomen, and The second bullet struck the Archduke close to the heart. He uttered only one word, 'Sofia' -- a call to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he collapsed.
They were driven to the governor's residence where they died from their wounds.

16. World War I Timeline Austria-Hungry declares war on Serbia
Germany backs Austria-Hungry
Russia backs Serbia – declares war on Germany
Russia and France have a secret Alliance, France wants revenge over the Franco-Prussian War – Declares war on Germany
Germany invades Belgium – England Decalres war on Germany

17. How did they find this photo?
The man who took this photo was named Heinrich Hoffman and will later become Hitler’s personal photographer. One night after a dinner party they discussed “Where were you when the great war began” and discovered they were in the same place. They searched his old photos and sure enough, Hoffman caught the young Hitler!
At the dinner was also Hoffman’s personal assistant, a young woman named Eva Braun

18. Trench Warfare
“No Mans Land”

19. The Treaty of Versailles The “Peace” Treaty that led to Hitler
“This is not a peace treaty. It is a 20 year truce”- Marshall Foch (Supreme Allied Commander)
“If I was a German I would not sign it” –President Woodrow Wilson

20. Casualties: World War I

21. Before and after Verdun: Hotel de la Princerie

22. Village of Esnes

23. Palace of Justice

24. Discuss How long do you think it would take to rebuild this?
How much would it cost?
Can a community ever really recover from that destruction
Based on these photographs, speculate what might be France’s goals during peace negotiations

25. After reading this source, how do you think the Germans felt at the end of World War One?
“Through the doors at the end…come four officers of France, Great Britain, America and Italy. And then, isolated and pitiable, come the two Germans, Dr. Muller and Dr. Bell. The silence is terrifying…They keep their eyes fixed away from those two thousand staring eyes, fixed on the ceiling. They are deathly pale…There is general tension. They sign. There is general relaxation…We kept our seats while the Germans were conducted like prisoners from the dock.”
(Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919.)
Peace

26. Treaty Of Versailles Leaders Wanted Did not want
David Lloyd George
Woodrow Wilson
George Clemenceau

27. Great Britain, America and France were the three most powerful Allies and they wanted to exert their influence upon the Treaty of Versailles.
Yet they wanted different things.

28. David Lloyd George (UK)
Germany to be justly punished, but not too harshly
Germany to lose its navy and colonies as these were a threat to Britain's own navy and empire
Germany and Britain to become trading partners
BUT Overall, Lloyd George did not want to punish Germany too harshly as he did not want Germany seeking revenge in the future

29. What did Clemenceau like and dislike about the Treaty?
Clemenceau (France) Clemenceau liked the harsh things that were in the Treaty, especially reparations, because they would weaken Germany while helping France to recover. He had one very simple belief - Germany should be brought to its knees so that she could never start a war again. He liked the idea of a small German army, and the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland, because he thought that this would protect France from attack in the future. Also, he was pleased that France received Alsace-Lorraine as this had been taken from France by Germany in In truth though, he wanted the Treaty to be harsher.
What did Clemenceau like and dislike about the Treaty?

30. a better and more peaceful world
Wilson (USA)
a better and more peaceful world
a League of Nations that would help and support each other and help to promote world peace
the right to self-determination. The right to decide which country you wish to be governed by
The U.S.A. had joined war late (1917) and hadn't suffered as much as the other Allies in terms of human and material costs.

31. What did Wilson like and dislike about the treaty?
Wilson (USA) Wilson got self-determination for the peoples of Eastern Europe, and a League of Nations, but he was disappointed with the Treaty because few of his ideas were acted upon. Worst of all, when Wilson went back to America, the Senate refused to join the League of Nations, and refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles! In America, there was a growing desire for the government to adopt a policy of isolation and leave Europe to its own devices. Wilson believed that Germany should be punished, but in a way that would lead to European reconciliation (peace) as opposed to revenge (war).
What did Wilson like and dislike about the treaty?

32. The Treaty of Versailles
The terms of
The Treaty of Versailles
What would members of the public in Allied countries think of the Germans in 1918?

33. What does this source tell you about the British public’s feelings towards Germany in 1918?
“The Germans, if this government is elected, are going to pay every penny; they are going to be squeezed, as a lemon is squeezed, until the pips squeak.”
(Sir Eric Geddes, December 1918)
Sir Eric Geddes was Minister of Munitions in Britain, Controller of the Navy and First Lord of the Admiralty at different points during The First World War.

34. John D. Clare, First World War (1994)
Does this information help you to understand why so many people wanted revenge after the war?
Around 8 million people had been killed
The cost of the war was roughly 36 Billion Dollars
The destruction of land, homes, farms and factories was huge
Millions more people died after the war due to famine and disease
“In France and Belgium, where most of the war was fought, 300,000 houses, 6,000 factories, 1,000 miles of railway, 2,000 breweries and 112 coal mines were destroyed…In some ways, mankind has never recovered from the horrors of the First World War.”
John D. Clare, First World War (1994)

35. Martin Kitchen, Europe Between The Wars, 1988.
“The British General Election in December 1918 was flooded by the belief that the Kaiser should be hanged, that Germany should pay up….Few realised the harmful effects of uniformed and aggressive public opinion which had been aroused by years of war propaganda, and whipped up by the popular press…”
Martin Kitchen, Europe Between The Wars, 1988.
Discuss how difficult must it have been for the Allies to get the right balance between punishment and creating a lasting peace?

36. The Main Allied Powers: Can you name them by their flags?
World War One ended when Germany and the allies signed the Treaty of Versailles. The victorious nations, especially France, wanted to ensure that Germany would never be able to fight another world war. Their aim was to devastate Germany militarily and economically. The Germans were excluded from the creation of the treaty and were even barred from discussing it with the allies.
On the following pages we will discuss the terms of the Treaty.
What is this cartoon conveying?

37. Germany Loses Territory
Germany lost 1/8 of her land.
This also accounts for six million of her people.
Which territorial loss is the most devastating to Germany? Why?
What is that land called?

38. An Allied Army was to occupy the Rhineland for a period of 15 years.
No German troops were to be allowed into the occupation zone.
Did you know?
The French used African troops to occupy the Rhineland. This led to a generation of ½ African, ½ German children. The Nazis referred to them as “The Rhineland Bastards'”
How would you feel if foreign troops occupied your country?

39. The Military
The army was limited to 100,000 men. Tanks and planes were not allowed.

40. Germany had to accept total responsibility for starting the World War One. This was called the “War Guilt Clause”.
As a consequence Germany had to pay reparations to the allies totaling 132 Billion Gold Marks. That’s over 450 Billion US dollars in today’s money!

41. What differences do you see in the 2 maps?
To what extent is self-determination reflected in your differences?

42. How can Germans view this as unfair?
Term of the treaty
How can Germans view this as unfair?
How can a man like Hitler use this to his advantage?
Germany loses 1/8 of her land and 6 million of her people.
Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men with no modern weapons like tanks or planes.
Allied troops to occupy the Rhineland for 15 years
Germany had to accept full responsibility for starting the war.
Germany had to pay 132 billion in reparations.

43. Recap...
The German government publicly denounced the treaty, and for the first time all Germans of every social class and political party were united in against it. But refusal to sign the treaty would mean continuing the war, something Germany couldn’t do.
Many Germans also thought the financial penalties that the treaty imposed upon their country and her people to be immoral and unjust.
The signing of this treaty was a blow to the new Republic from which it never fully recovered. For a majority of people their faith in democracy was destroyed.

44. Quick Test 1. What was the peace treaty called?
2. What was the treaty designed to do?
3. Why was the loss of the “Polish Corridor” so devastating to Germany?
4. What was the Rhineland?
5. How many soldiers were the German army allowed to retain under the treaty?

45. 6. How much were the Germans supposed to pay the Allies in reparations?
7. What did the “War Guilt Clause” mean?
8. What would happen if the Germans refused to sign the treaty?
9. If you were a German would you be opposed or for this treaty?