1. Ch 19 Notecards These really for last year’s book ch 25- After you do the notecards for that, will be this year’s notecards

2. Industrial Revolution Who: British, Europeans What: an age where machine-made goods increased the output of goods Where: England, then Europe, then the rest of the world When: Mid-1700s Why: transformed the way people worked- from home to factories, changed every aspect of life from agricultural to industrial with factories

3. Crop Rotation Who: Agricultural Farmers What: a system of agriculture where every year the farmer rotated or changed the crop he planted to restore the soil Where: England, Europe When: 1700s Why: part of the Agricultural Revolution; improved older agricultural methods which made food supplies increase and living conditions improve

4. Industrialization Who: British & Europeans What: the process of developing machine production of goods Where: England, & Europe When: 1700s Why: this led to a shift for all aspects of life- farm production to factory prod.; rural living to city living; villages to cities; individually made goods to mass produced goods

5. Factories Who: Wealthy owners What: large buildings with large machines near rivers for waterpower. Where: England, Europe When: Mid-1700s Why: these factories mass-produced goods for selling = life of the worker changed = society changed

6. Section 2: Industrialization

7. Industrialization changed everything about life & society… Industrial cities grew = Urbanization Living conditions = decreased– cramped city living (think Slums) Working conditions = decreased Society/Social pyramid = changed!!

8. Urbanization Who: Europeans What: a period of city building and the movement of people to cities. Where: (you can figure it out by now…) When: 1800-1850 Why: The growth of the factory system = a shift in where people worked and lived = people moved from the rural areas to the city = urban areas doubled or quadrupled in this time

9. Urbanization led to a change in society and who was at the top of the pyramid… It created a new….

10. Middle Class Who: (You know this one) What: an Industrial Age social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers. Where: (You know this one too…) When: 1800-1850 Why: With Industrialization, the social pyramid changed = factory owners grew wealthier than the old landowners & aristocrats = they were at the top = they had the wealth & power

11. The OLD pyramid Kings/Nobles/LandownersMerchantsPeasants

12. The NEW pyramid Factory Owners “Old” Landowners Factory Workers

13. Section 3: Industrialization Spreads

14. Industrialization started in Britain then spread to Europe then spread to USA… When it got to the USA people developed “corporations” which were businesses owned by “stock-holders” who shared ownership… so instead of one factory owner owning a factory.. Groups of rich people would own one factory IF they owned “STOCK” which was a share in the ownership..

15. This lead to the STOCK MARKET!! People can NOW buy shares in any company they want and have a piece of “ownership” in that corporation..

16. Section 4: Reforming the Industrial World

17. Industrialization created a WIDE gap between the rich & poor FACTORY OWNERS wanted gov’t to STAY OUT of their business affairs (don’t want regulations on how to run their factories, etc) Vs REFORMERS want gov’t TO interfere so the conditions of the poor improve!

18. These 2 views of how factories should be run led to different economic philosophies (or ideas.) The first philosophy-type is the “Factory Owners” ……such as…..

19. Laissez- Faire Who: Adam Smith What: economic policy that let owners of industry & business set the working conditions without gov’t interference; a free market unregulated by the gov’t.; means “Let do” Where: Britain, Europe When: 1776 Why: the belief was that the economy would prosper if the gov’t stayed out of trade & economy

20. This idea was introduced by…….

21. Adam Smith Who: Scottish professor What: wrote “The Wealth of Nations” that defended free market, or Laissez- Faire Where: Scotland When: 1776 Why: he said economic freedom = economic progress; he supported ‘Laissez-Faire’ based on the ideas- 1.people work for their own good, 2. competition = better products, 3. Supply & Demand; his ideas led to Capitalism

22. His ideas were supported by other economists…. = more ideas of how the economy should be…. …..such as…….

23. Capitalism Who: Thomas Malthus & David Ricardo What: an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned & money is invested to make a profit Where: Britain, Europe, USA When: late 1700s Why: wanted less gov’t interference in economy, higher profit, & cheap labor; Most of the world is this today- ESP the USA!!

24. Now, the other side said “Gov’t should play a part in the Economy to make sure the businesses are being fair” These theories are supported by the “Factory Workers” …. Such as….

25. Utilitarianism Who: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill What: idea that people should judge ideas, institutions, & actions based on their utility, or usefulness. Where: England, then Europe When: late-1700s Why: this philosophy fought for “the greatest good for the greatest number of people”; John Stuart Mill applied this to the factories- the worker should have rights and not live a deprived life. = factory reform

26. Also, another “for the worker” philosophy is going to become SUPER popular and is still around today…

27. Socialism Who: Industrial Reformers What: a system where the factors of production (aka the machines & factories) are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Where: Germany When: 1800s Why: this idea grew out of a positive view on human nature, a belief in progress, and concern for social justice; this idea says the gov’t should plan the economy instead of free-capitalism; they thought gov’t controlling the economy = end of poverty & social equality

28. Could you imagine our gov’t controlling the economy?? Fixed prices… No small businesses that you can just start up and make money…. Hmmm…. So this idea leads to an EXTREME view, or radical Socialism…

29. Karl Marx Who: German Journalist What: created Marxism, an extreme form of socialism- which explained the cycles of social classes (“Dialectical Materialism”) Where: Germany When: 1818-1883 Why: This social cycle theory’s last stage was Communism which was a big thing in WWI, WWII, & The Cold War- aka the rest of history!! (notice how he’s from GERMANY??? Hint Hint)

30. So, his theory went like this: The lower class “Proletariat” (as he called them) would always revolt against the upper class UNTIL A classless society developed (“Communism”) (look at the cycle on the last slide of the ppt) All the lower class ppl obv like this idea, right? A Classless society! = WHOA!! AWESOME!!! HECK YEA- GIMME THAT!!!.........

31. Well……. Great IDEA…. BUT…. Throughout the rest of history, we will learn it won’t ever work…  BUT we had to learn that through WWI, WWII, and the COLD WAR… So, Stay tuned!

32. Dialectical Materialism Bourgeoisie (upper class) #1: Kings & Nobles vs. = New phase… #2: Landowners vs. = New Phase… #3: Factory OWNERS vs. = New Phase… Communism! – Factory workers are in charge, own the means of production = Classless society Proletariat (lower class) Peasants = Revolt & become new Bourgeoisie! Peasants = Revolt & become the new Bourgeoisie! Factory Workers = Revolt & become the new bourgeoisie!

33. This year’s book’s Notecards:

34. Anesthetic Who: American Dentist What: drug that prevents pain during surgery Where: USA When: 1830-1855 Why: this was one of the new inventions/scientific firsts that happened as a result of the Industrial Revolution; this helped improve the medical field & improved surgeries

35. enclosure Who: rich landowners What: the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers Where: GB When: 1700s Why: rich landowners wanted to take land from peasants & create larger fields that would be cultivated more efficiently = British Parliament made legislation to force this = peasants lost land  BUT= farm output increased = profits & progress = less workers = peasants forced to the city to find work

36. James Watt Who: Scottish engineer What: made improvements to Newcomen’s steam engine Where: Scotland When: 1764 Why: his improved engine became a key power source to the IR( Industrial Rev); opened the door to operating machines & powering locomotives & steamships

37. smelt Who: Darby family What: a type of iron that is separate from it’s ore Where: England When: 1709 Why: this was a new method of producing iron = less $$ & better quality = was used to produce parts for the engine; helped with the making of machines & engines for the IR = spread widely & eventually bridges & railroads were made out of it

38. Capital Who: European investors What: money used to invest in enterprises Where: Europe When: 1600s-1700s Why: the European business class accumulated this money from growing overseas trade = they took their capital ($$) and invested it in enterprises to make more money = helped make the IR spread rapidly & successfully

39. Enterprise Who: European capitalists What: a business organization in an area like shipping, mining, railroads, faactories WherE: Europe When: 1700s Why: businessmen would invest their capital into these businesses = made the economy grow & prosper = made the IR spread & more industry

40. Entrepreneurs Who: European capitalists & businessmen What: those who manages and assumed the financial risks of starting a new business Where: Europe When: 1700s Why: they invested their capital into new enterprises = grew the economy & they became very wealthy = helped the IR spread rapidly

41. Putting out system Who: peasants What: the system of the “cottage industry”; cotton cloth industry at home Where: GB When: 1600s Why: raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes; skilled artisans then finished & dyed the cloth; this was the beginning of the division of labor

42. Eli Whitney Who: American inventor What: invented a machine called the cotton gin that separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate Where: America When: 1793 Why: this process solved the problem of the time consuming cleaning cotton task = cotton production increased exponentially as a result of this invention = more industry & factories

43. Turnpikes Do this one on your own! Pg. 428

44. Liverpool Do this one on your own pg. 429

45. Manchester Do this one on your own pg. 429

46. Tenement Who: poor city dwellers, factory workers What: multi story buildings divided into apartments Where: European & American cities When: 1800s Why: vast numbers of poor ppl packed into city slums that had tenements; they lived in tiny rooms, no running water, no sewage or sanitation- waste & garbage was thrown into streets= contaminated drinking water = rapid disease

47. Labor Union Who: factory workers What: workers’ organizations Where: Europe, America When: 1800s- now Why: these wanted to initiate worker reforms- more pay, & better working conditions; the 1 st ones were secret b.c. they were illegal; these groups would riot to get what they wanted = eventually became legal & now protect the workers’ rights against the factory owners

48. Thomas Malthus Who: British Economist What: wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population” where he wrote about the conditions of the IR Where: you can figure it out When: you can figure it out Why : he studied crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment as a result of the IR = concluded that poverty was unavoidable b.c. the pop was increasing faster than the food supply; he started a new way of thinking- trying to understand the changes of the IR

49. Jeremy Bentham Who: British philosopher & Economist What: advocated for Utilitarianism Where: GB When: 1800 Why: he believed all laws or actions should be judged by their utility (usefulness); strongly supported individual freedom which he believed guaranteed happiness; he saw the need for some limited government in some instances

50. Means of Production Who: the workers What: the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods WherE: Europe When: 1800s Why: those that owned the means of production owned the wealth- Socialists felt that the workers worked the means of production so they should own it- not the factory owners

51. Robert Owen Who: Welsh Mill owner What: set up a Utopian model community where his workers lived and worked together Where: Wales, England When: 1800 Why: he believed that his Utopian community where all work was shared & all property owned together = no difference b.n rich and poor, no fighting; he campaigned against child labor & encouraged labor unions

52. Proletariat Who: the working class What: the “have-nots”, working class people Where: Europe, America When: 1800-1900s Why: Karl Marx theorized about the history of class struggles b.n the haves and have-nots; he predicted this group would take control of the means of productions & create a classless, communist society = that would end the struggle

53. Social Democracy Who: German Socialists, Karl Marx What: a political idealogy in which there is gradual transition from Capitalism to Socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system WherE: Germany, Europe When: 1860s Why: for much of the 1900s, revolutionaries around the world would adapt Marxist ideas to their own situations & needs (i.e. Stalin, Hitler, etc.)