1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 1 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I 4 AC Network Analysis C H A P T E R

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 2 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.1 Structure of parallel-plate capacitor + _ Circuit symbol C C = A d = _ F = permittivity of air d + _ Parallel-plate capacitor with air gapd (air is the dielectric) A 10 12 m 8.854 x

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 3 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.2 Combining capacitors in a circuit

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 4 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.8 Iron-core inductor

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 5 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.9 Combining inductors in a circuit

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 6 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.13 Analogy between electrical and fluid resistance R v 1 v 2 i q f p 1 p 1 p 2 p 2 q f R f

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 7 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.14 Analogy between fluid capacitance and electrical capacitance q f q f P 1 p 1 gas p 2 p 2 + _ C f p i v 2 v 1 + _ Cv

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 8 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.15 Analogy between fluid inertance and electrical inertance i v 1 p 2 I f q f p 1 L v 2 +v –

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 9 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.18 Time-dependent signal sources + _ + _ v(t)i(t)v ( t), i ( t ) Generalized time-dependent sources Sinusoidal source _

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 10 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.19 Periodic signal waveforms

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 11 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.20 Sinusoidal waveforms t A T _ A Reference cosine t A _ A Arbitrary sinusoid t T

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 12 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.27 Euler’s identity Im j _ j _ 11 Re 1 sin cos e j = cos+j sin

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 13 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.33 The impedance element

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 14 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.34 Impedances of R, L and C in the complex plane

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 15 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.42 An AC circuit

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 16 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.45 AC equivalent circuits Source Z L (b) Equivalent source S (j) Load Z S (a) Equivalent load + ~ –

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 17 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.46 Rules for impedance and admittance reduction

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2000 McGraw-Hill 18 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING THIRD EDITION G I O R G I O R I Z Z O N I Figure 4.47 Reduction of AC circuit to equivalent form