1. Gram Positive Bacteria
Grouped based on C + G ratio (nitrogen bases cytosine and guanine)
Divided into 2 Phyla
Firmicutes (low C + G )
Actinobacteria (High C + G)

2. Firmicutes Low G + C ratio
Includes endospore forming and wall-less bacteria

3. Phylum: Firmicute 3 Classes: Clostridia Bacilli
Mollicutes (mycoplasmas)

4. Clostridia Clostridiales Clostridium Obligate anaerobes Endospores
C. tenani – tetanus
C. botulinum - botulism

5. Epulopiscium Very large bacteria Huge genome
Endosymbiont in surgeonfish
Reproduces by releasing cells through slit

6. Thiomargarita gamma Proteobacteria
Single Thiomargarita cell
Thiomargarita
gamma Proteobacteria
Anaerobic chemolithotroph that oxidizes sulfur and reduces nitrates
Even larger than Epulopiscium
Large vacuole to increase surface area to volume ratio
Fruit Fly

7. Bacilli Bacillales Bacillus Includes both rods and cocci
Includes medically/ commercially important genera
Bacillus
Endospore-producing rods
Aerobe or facultative anaerobe
B. anthracis- anthrax
B. thuringiensis – insecticide
B. cereus - food borne illness

8. Staphylococcus - grapelike clusters of cocci
facultative anaerobes
Yellow pigmented colonies
common inhabitant of skin and the nasal cavity
grows in foods with high osmotic pressure
S. epidermidis and S. aureus

9. S. aureus highly virulent
surgical wound infections
toxic shock syndrome toxin
enterotoxin - induces vomiting
exfolatin toxin – scalded skin syndrome
Folliculitis
Impetigo
MRSA and VRSA

10. Lactobacillales Lactobacillus Commercially important
Aerotolerant or facultative anaerobes
Lactobacillus
Aerotolerant; Lactic acid fermenting rod
common in vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity
used in production of pickles, buttermilk, and yogurt

11. Streptococcus chains of cocci Aerotolerant; Lactic acid fermenter
Pathogenic strains produce multiple extra-cellular enzymes and toxins
Responsible for more illnesses and a greater variety of diseases than any other group of bacteria

12. Beta-hemolytic streptococci S. pyogenes
Impetigo, strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fascitis
Alpha-hemolytic streptococci
S. pneumoniae
Pneumonia, ear infections, sinusitis, meningitis
S. mutans
Dental carries

13. Listeria Facultative anaerobe L. monocytogenes
Contaminates dairy products
Psychrotroph
Survives inside phagocytes
May be responsible for stillbirths and birth defects

14. Mollicutes (mycoplasmas)
Mycoplasmatales
Wall-less, highly pleomorphic
Very small ( µm)
May produce filaments
Degenerative evolution

15. Mycoplasma Spiroplasma M. pneumoniae walking pneumonia
Corkscrew morphology
plant pathogen and parasite of plant feeding insects

16. Actinobacteria
High G + C

17. Mycobacterium Corynebacterium
acid fast; aerobic rods; filamentous growth
non-endospore former; mycolic acid
M. tuberculosis – tuberculosis
M. leprae - leprosy
Corynebacterium
Club shaped, metachromatic granules
C. diphtheriae –diphtheria

18. Propionibacterium Gardnerella propionic acid fermenter
Important in swiss cheese production
P. acnes commonly found on human skin; primary cause of bacterial acne
Gardnerella
gram variable; highly plemorphic
G. vaginalis – bacterial vaginitis

19. Actinomycetes Common soil inhabitants Branching filaments
Asexual spores
Frankia, Streptomyces, Actinomyces

20. Streptomyces most antibiotics are produced by Streptomyces species
about 500 known species
asexual spores (conidospores)
Produce gaseous geosmin

21. Frankia Actinomyces – facultative anaerobes
mouth and throat of animals
A. israelii - actinomycosis (tissue-destroying disease affecting the head, neck, or lungs)
Frankia
nitrogen fixing bacteria
Forms root nodules with alder trees

22. Domain Archaea Highly diverse morphology and physiology
Frequently inhabit extreme environments
Three primary groups are halophiles, thermophiles and methanogens

23. Currently classified into 3 Phyla
Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
Korarchaeota

24. Euryarchaeota
Gram+ to gram variable halophiles, methanogens and a few thermophiles
Halobacteriales
Obligate halophiles
Bacteriorhodopsin based light capturing system

25. Methanobacteriales Methanogens
Convert CO2, H2 and organic acids into methane
Largest known group of archaea
Gram +; Obligate anaerobes

26. Crenarchaeota Gram-; most thermophiles Sulfolobales
acidophilic thermophilic sulfur metabolizers

27. Desulfurococcales
Hyperthermophiles

28. Korarchaeota No members have ever been observed
Known only from environmental rRNA samples