1. Non-State Actors in Inter-state Systems IGOs, NGOs, and World Movements

2. What Are They?  IGOs—Intergovernmental Organizations –Member units are states  NGOs—Nongovernmental Organizations –Member units are individuals and groups  There has been a large increase in the number of IGOs and NGOs since the end of WWII (esp. 90s for NGOs)

3. Purposes  IGOs—formed to solve global and regional problems –“official” IGOs meet regularly, have structured rules and regulations, and a permanent headquarters –Most do not offer universal membership –243 at beginning of 2003, only 34 offering universal membership

4. Purposes  NGOs—focus on a multitude of issues in many global areas (economic, military, health, etc.) –Seen as humanitarian –End result not always positive—may cause conflict –Often seek changes in a states policies, making IGO-NGO interaction useful –There are more NGOs in the Global North than the South

5. United Nations  Universal Membership (almost)  Often used by Great Powers in the game of politics –5 permanent members promote own allies/dependents for membership while inhibiting the process for “enemy” state’s allies/dependents

6. Goals  To create peaceful relations between states  Solve global problems –Increase the quality of life for citizens

7. Ideology  Core beliefs about the world/politics/values that structure actions  Six fundamental values of UN that form its ideology: freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature, shared responsibility

8. Structure  Security Council-5 permanent members: U.S., Britain, France, China, Russia (Soviet Union)  General Assembly-all member states –Majority rules –Only make policy recommendations –Increasing power over security issues

9. Structure  Economic and Social Council  Trusteeship Council  Secretariat  International Court of Justice

10. Dynamics  Structure based on 1945 politics, not today’s  Increasing reliance on NGOs for information and policy solutions  Increasing influence of Global South in Assembly  Focus on access to and limits on resources  Working against Global North power politics

11. Budget  Based on ability to pay—economic strength of state  U.S. pays 22% of costs and most military support  Global North only has 10 votes in G.A. but pays 75% of the bill  Global South has 175 votes and pays only 25% of the bill

12. Reality  The politics within the UN are all about POWER—who has it and who seeks it  Very small budget for increasing involvement world-wide  Budget less than that for NY City’s police dept.

13. WTO  Created by Great Powers to promote economic stability  GATT was precursor, but little power  1995—new structure and decision making ministers  Goals: –Manage flow and freedom of trade globally –Mediate disputes –Change from regional/bilateral relationships to global system of liberal or free trade

14. Ideal vs. Reality  Global North and Global South give up some of their rights in order to create a free and balanced trade globally  Only voluntary acceptance of decisions  U.S., Canada, EU, and Japan make the decisions, then use economic and political clout to push them through

15. World Bank  U.S. holds most votes due to its being the largest shareholder –A quota system based on economic strength of countries –U.S. also has veto power –$$ comes from individual lenders, not the state –Borrowers must show how loan will benefit the economy of the state –Usually on 25% of needed capital –Must show democratic reforms –Tend to require that borrowers have the backing of the government

16. International Monetary Fund  Originally meant to create economic stability between Great Powers and to be a lender of last resort (mostly poorer states)  Now it works to create stable exchange rates  Voting rights and monetary support based on economic strength of state  States can borrow against “tranche” –25% of support deposited in primary funds

17. IMF  Often places conditions on loans –Move towards democratization –Address environmental concerns

18. NATO  North Atlantic Treaty Organization  Developed after WWII to insure the containment of communism in Europe.  Often seen as an extension of U.S. power in Europe  After the end of the Cold War, the role of NATO revolves around security in the region and anti-terrorism.

19. Future of IGOs  Global South countries see these structures as a way for Global North countries to have control over IGOs –Just solidifying power position  There has been an increase in the number of regional IGO. –Membership of Global South countries in regional groups in order to create strength and power for their own economic concerns

20. NGOs  Create pluralistic access to international policy making  Private interest groups at global level  Most promote non-threatening policy changes  “Grass Roots” organizations that can influence government policies

21. NGOs  Seek to reduce the strength of state’s “borders” and make states more “porous”  More influence on “high” politics than “low” politics  Single issue groups more successful than multi-issue groups  As there are always opposing NGOs, real power is limited—depends on the policy goals of the states

22. Multinational Corporations  Increase the number of jobs in an area/state  Viewed by some in the Global South as exploiters and creators of poverty  Become involved in domestic politics –Seek better trade conditions  Gain power by not being beholden to any state –Reduce strength of borders –Limit ability to be taxed