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1 The Enlightenment & other “Roots” Four Worlds of History: The Roots of the Constitution.

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1 1 The Enlightenment & other “Roots” Four Worlds of History: The Roots of the Constitution

2 Do Now: Google Folders for AP Gov Your Job: 1) log in to your gmail account 2) Create a folder for yourself and share it with me. Title the folder: Last name, first initial AP Gov Example “Winnie, N. AP Gov.” 2

3 3 Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors These constantly reoccurring are important to recognize regardless of how they are described basic factors of the human condition

4 4 Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Identifying Factors… Identifying factors, relating factors, and What are the Four Worlds of slavery? Introductory activity is the science of the social sciences. determining the “most important" factors the science social sciences

5 5 Political WorldEconomic World Social World Cultural World 0.0 - Four Worlds of History: Social Science Factors Activities Database reference sheet 1 Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds?

6 6 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor classcustom rights slavery Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Cultural World

7 7 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor classcustom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege cost of production legal system beliefs identity slavery shared values Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Cultural World

8 8 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor classcustom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege cost of production legal system beliefs identity slavery shared values Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Factors are simultaneous yet distinct. A “Four Worlds” analysis of human factors enables teachers & students to easily illustrate detail & complexity. Cultural World

9 9 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor system class system custom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege cost of production legal system belief system identity slavery Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of slavery? The root cause of slavery? What are secondary or contributing causes? cause and effect shared values Cultural World

10 10 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor class custom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege division of labor cost of production legal system Abolitionist ideas & values start here beliefs identity challenge the status quo protest change the status quo Not everyone’s beliefs change change slavery Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to abolishing slavery? problem-solving shared values Cultural World

11 11 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World p 176 How did kings have legitimate authority over their people?

12 12 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World “It is God who establishes kings. They thus act as ministers of God and His lieutenants on earth. It is through them that he rules. This is why we have seen that the royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne of God himself. It appears from this that the person of kings is sacred, and to move against them is a crime. Since their power comes from on high, kings… should exercise it with fear and restraint as a thing which has come to them from God, and for which God will demand an account. p 176 How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Jacques Bossuet, late 1600s

13 13 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Kings were chosen by the gods. divine right of kings monarchy

14 14 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? beliefs ideas Kings were chosen by the gods. divine right of kings monarchy religion legitimate authority social science factors

15 15 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? beliefs ideas Kings were chosen by the gods. divine right of kings monarchy religion legitimate authority power absolute legitimate authority social science factors

16 16 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? beliefs ideas Kings were chosen by the gods. divine right of kings monarchy religion legitimate authority power absolute legitimate authority social science factors accountability only indirectly to the people through direct accountability to God

17 17 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World “It is God who establishes kings. They thus act as ministers of God and His lieutenants on earth. It is through them that he rules. This is why we have seen that the royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne of God himself. It appears from this that the person of kings is sacred, and to move against them is a crime. Since their power comes from on high, kings… should exercise it with fear and restraint as a thing which has come to them from God, and for which God will demand an account. p 176 How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Jacques Bossuet, late 1600s account sacred power For thousands of years, from Hammurabi to the Egyptian pharaohs to the kings of Europe, religious beliefs gave complete support to absolute rulers. religious beliefs absolute rulers

18 18 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? beliefs ideas Kings were chosen by the gods. divine right of kings monarchy religion divine authority legitimate authority social science factors accountable only to God sacred power

19 19 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What Effect did the Enlightenment and other “Roots” Have on our Constituion – What are the “big ideas”?

20 20 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. p 170 Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought.

21 21 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. p 170 Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought. political thought Enlightenment thinkers thinkers principles

22 22 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World The Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”?. Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment?

23 23 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. p 170 Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought. beliefs ideas political thought Enlightenment thinkers thinkers watchdogs advocates Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? social science factors principles values

24 24 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. p 170 Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought. beliefs ideas political thought development Enlightenment thinkers thinkers watchdogs advocates Ideas were enlightened by reason. Beliefs about rights were enlightened. Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? social science factors principles values

25 25 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought. beliefs ideas political thought development Enlightenment thinkers thinkers watchdogs advocates Ideas were enlightened by reason. reasonIdeas Beliefs about rights were enlightened. rightsBeliefs Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? social science factors principles values

26 26 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought. beliefs ideas political thought development Enlightenment thinkers thinkers watchdogs advocates social movement Revolution Ideas were enlightened by reason. reasonIdeas Beliefs about rights were enlightened. rightsBeliefs Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? social science factors principles values

27 27 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought. beliefs ideas political thought development watchdogs advocates social movement Revolution Ideas were enlightened by reason. reasonIdeas Beliefs about rights were enlightened. rightsBeliefs principles values Enlightenment thinkers thinkers divine right of kings protest against the status quo monarchy

28 28 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? Enlightenment

29 29 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals Enlightenment

30 30 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Enlightenment

31 31 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Enlightenment Glorious Revolution 1689 The Glorious Revolution was an important turning point in English history. When William and Mary accepted the throne from Parliament, they agreed to a declaration of rights… Parliament was now recognized as a vital part of government, thus laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. p 174

32 32 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Enlightenment Glorious Revolution 1689 The Glorious Revolution was an important turning point in English history. When William and Mary accepted the throne from Parliament, they agreed to a declaration of rights… Parliament was now recognized as a vital part of government, thus laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. Western political thought set a precedent in p 174 turning point precedent constitutional monarchy rights

33 33 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Enlightenment Glorious Revolution 1689 Kings were no longer “above the law” rule of law

34 34 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Enlightenment natural rights Locke life, liberty, property Enlightenment thinkers

35 35 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Voltaire Montesquieu freedom of speech religious tolerance separation of powers Rousseau social contract Enlightenment natural rights Locke life, liberty, property ideas Enlightenment thinkers

36 36 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Voltaire Montesquieu freedom of speech religious tolerance separation of powers Rousseau social contract Enlightenment natural rights Locke life, liberty, property ideas Enlightenment thinkers thinkers philosophes p 184 ▪ nobility ▪ middle class

37 37 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What are the main purposes of a constitution? limit power of government protect rights of individuals rights power Voltaire Montesquieu freedom of speech religious tolerance separation of powers Rousseau social contract Enlightenment natural rights Locke life, liberty, property ideas Enlightenment thinkers thinkers philosophes p 184 ▪ nobility ▪ middle class  role of middle class in a democracy Aristotle, p ---

38 38 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Virtues in Four Worlds Activities Database Step 2: Classical Liberalism

39 39 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements

40 40 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism

41 41 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism

42 42 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism

43 43 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism

44 44 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism

45 45 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism

46 46 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism The price of freedom is eternal vigilance. Thomas Jefferson price

47 47 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism civic republicanism

48 48 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism limited role of government civic republicanism

49 49 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements classical liberalism civil society duties of the individual active role limited role of government democratic governance civic republicanism

50 50 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements prosper production daily life beliefs classical liberalism provide civil society duties of the individual active role limited role of government democratic governance meritocracy civic republicanism

51 51 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World limit power How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? vigilancehard workinitiative civic dutyindividual responsibility ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement ▪ stay informed ▪ vote = stop tyranny= ensure liberty ensure rights responsibilities ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements prosper production daily life beliefs classical liberalism Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom Benjamin Franklin provide civil society freedom duties of the individual active role limited role of government democratic governance meritocracy civic republicanism

52 52 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? Some writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins. Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections, the latter NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher. Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776

53 53 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776 Society is produced by our wants Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices

54 54 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? Society is produced by our wants Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices the pursuit of happiness …promotes our happiness Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776

55 55 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? Society is produced by our wants Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices rule of law free market civil society natural rights the pursuit of happiness …promotes our happiness

56 56 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? Society is produced by our wants Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher. punisherpatron Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776 punisher patron

57 57 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? punisher Classical Liberalism role of civil society: role of government: provider enforcer patron Two Worlds that Protect & Serve Activities Database social world as a mirror of “public services”

58 58 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? punisher Classical Liberalism role of civil society: role of government: provider enforcer patron

59 59 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? punisher Classical Liberalism role of civil society: role of government: provider enforcer very limited role of government security & order ▪ protection, defense ▪ stability, rule of law social science factors very active role for society & individuals vigilance ▪ individual responsibility civic duty virtues values & virtues daily life patron

60 60 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? punisher Classical Liberalism role of civil society: role of government: provider enforcer very limited role of government security & order ▪ protection, defense ▪ stability, rule of law social science factors very active role for society & individuals vigilance ▪ individual responsibility civic duty virtues values & virtues hard work community involvement stop tyranny / ensure rights daily life initiative production intrepid patron

61 61 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World What is the relationship between government & civil society? punisher Classical Liberalism role of civil society: role of government: provider enforcer very limited role of government security & order ▪ protection, defense ▪ stability, rule of law social science factors very active role for society & individuals vigilance ▪ individual responsibility civic duty virtues values & virtues hard work community involvement stop tyranny / ensure rights daily life initiative no entitlements We provide for ourselves. production intrepid patron

62 62 …institutions are idea spaces that existed before we were born, and will last after we are gone. Human nature may remain the same, eon after eon, but institutions improve and progress, because they are repositories of hard-won wisdom. The race progresses because institutions progress. The Social Animal, David Brooks. Random House, 2011, pages 288-289. On the role of institutions…

63 63 …institutions are idea spaces that existed before we were born, and will last after we are gone. Human nature may remain the same, eon after eon, but institutions improve and progress, because they are repositories of hard-won wisdom. The race progresses because institutions progress. The Social Animal, David Brooks. Random House, 2011, pages 288-289. On the role of institutions… institutional infrastructure The path to a strong democracy…

64 64 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Institutions are Idea Spaces What do we mean by “institutions”?

65 65 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Institutions are Idea Spaces legal system ▪ court system is a longstanding institution with evolving precedents, refined case law It’s also a widespread network – municipal, state, and district courts – loaded with experienced judges, lawyers, & police depts to gather evidence What do we mean by “institutions”?

66 66 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Institutions are Idea Spaces institutional infrastructure legal system ▪ court system is a longstanding institution with evolving precedents, refined case law It’s also a widespread network – municipal, state, and district courts – loaded with experienced judges, lawyers, & police depts to gather evidence craftsmen guilds military service agencies universities religious institutions service agencies citizenship a culture of civic-mindedness as a way of life, a traditional practice, or a widespread expectation What do we mean by “institutions”?

67 67 “Then, after World War II, ‘we’ became ‘me’. We forgot that the Constitution does not use the first person singular, and we accepted that focusing only on the individual’s right would strengthen society—ignoring that it is society that protects the individual. ‘We’ solved these problems (and many others) —then ‘me’ threw them away.” Chris Daly. Yucaipa. “Letter to the Editor.” Los Angeles Times, May 26, 2011, page D-2. On the competing values of individual & community…

68 68 “Freedom defined strictly as individual freedom tends to see itself as an escape from the constraints of community life—constraints necessarily implied by… consideration for the needs and feelings of neighbors; by kindness to strangers; by respect for the privacy, dignity, and propriety of individual lives; by affection for a place, its people, and its nonhuman creatures; and by the duty to teach the young.” The Art of the Commonplace, Wendell Berry. “Think Little.” Shoemaker and Hoard, 2002, page 85. On the competing values of individual & community…

69 69 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World NPR: Paris Neighborhood Stores Thrive Activities Database An illustration of 4W chart, reference sheet 4 How is American society organized?

70 70 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World our beliefs start here How is American society organized?

71 71 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World our beliefs how much we act on our beliefs start here How is American society organized?

72 72 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World our beliefs how much we act on our beliefs establishes the rules of the game start here How is American society organized?

73 73 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World our beliefs how much we act on our beliefs establishes the rules of the game how we make a living start here How is American society organized?

74 74 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World our beliefs how much we act on our beliefs establishes the rules of the game how we make a living quality of life start here How is American society organized?

75 75 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World our beliefs how much we act on our beliefs establishes the rules of the game how we make a living quality of life start here How is American society organized? market expectations roles & rules vigilance values &

76 76 Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World our beliefs how much we act on our beliefs establishes the rules of the game how we make a living quality of life start here How is American society organized? market expectations roles & rules vigilance values & production daily life activism laws policies civic engagement community involvement

77 77 What is the objective of the social sciences?

78 78 to better understand What is the objective of the social sciences? the human condition

79 79 to better understand What is the objective of the social sciences? the human condition in order to make the human condition better

80 80 What are the objectives of the 4W model? an analytical exercise to make connections, trace dynamics identify action/reaction across worlds infer concepts build detail & complexity evaluate factors, causes, responses engage in the science of the social sciences

81 81 OTHER objectives of the 4W model? an analytical exercise to practice active reading purposeful, directed reading reading as research meaningful reading to respond to a relevant question/problem

82 82 OTHER objectives of the 4W model? an analytical exercise to practice academic literacy, rigor, relevance active reading purposeful, directed reading reading as research meaningful reading to respond to an historical question/problem

83 83 We do not claim that the portrait we present here is a true one, only that it comes close. Victor Hugo Les Miserables

84 84 Four Worlds of History a project of the Center for Active Learning in International Studies School of International Relations UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Four Worlds analytical framework developed by Steven Lamy, Professor of International Relations Four Worlds of History adapted by Teresa Hudock, Director, and Sandy Line, Associate CALIS, USC

85 85 Four Worlds of History Center for Active Learning in International Studies UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA For more information, contact: Teresa Hudock calis@usc.edu 213-740-7794 Classroom materials are available free online atdornsife.usc.edu/calis


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