1. CHAPTER 20 Representing Quantitative Data

2. Why ‘re’present your numbers? Few people can extract meaning from arrays of numbers. Summarising them – whether in numbers or pictures – will make patterns and differences clearer. How you can summarise them will depend on the nature of the numbers themselves.

3. Different forms of data Quantitative data varies in terms of what the numbers signify. Numbers can: be merely labels (nominal or categorical) show order of size or strength (ordinal) indicate relative size (interval) measure size in absolute terms (ratio). The scale can be continuous or discrete.

4. Combining numbers It is often useful to combine numbers – eg absence rates will be monthly or yearly averages. Beware! The type of scale used determines what you can and cannot do with your numbers.

5. Scales and allowable operations The mathematical operations that are allowable depend upon the scale – Nominal: none Ordinal: none – although averaging scores is common practice Interval: addition and subtraction Ratio: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

6. Average values Rather than listing all the values in a set, it may help to give an average of the numbers. There are three common ways of summarising numbers to indicate the ‘central value’: the arithmetic mean the median the mode Student Activity 1

7. Indications of spread A mean, median or mode does not indicate the degree of ‘scatter’ in your figures. This can be shown by the range inter-quartile range, or standard deviation.

8. Graphical representations Graphical representations can be as clear as summary statistics, while retaining more information. Typical graphs include: box and whisker plots pie charts bar-charts and histograms graphs scatter plots

9. Box and whisker plots

10. Pie charts for proportions Pie chart of respondents’ length of service in their current jobs

11. Bar-charts for proportions Proportion of new and repeat sales for three products

12. Bar-charts for difference Bar-chart showing distribution of different error types

13. Graphs Cost and sales values for different production volumes

14. Scatter plots Scatter plot showing error rates at different operating speeds

15. Clarity and ‘honesty’ Representations need to be clear: do not over-clutter clear: label everything clearly ‘honest’: avoid using scales to magnify or diminish the apparent significance of results