1. Howard Rines 1, Hedera Porter 1, Marty Carson 2, and Jerry Ochocki 2 1 USDA-ARS Plant Science Research, and Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Univ. of Minnesota 2 USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, and Dept. of Plant Pathology, Univ. of Minnesota Introgression of Oat Crown Rust Resistance from Diploid Avena strigosa and Tetraploid Avena murphyi

2. Crown Rust on Oat

3. Crown rust of oat Resistance Past – major genes from A. sterilis (6x), relatively short-lived effectiveness

4. Crown rust of oat Resistance Past – major genes from A. sterilis (6x), relatively short-lived effectiveness Current – Pc94 from A. strigosa (2x), only effective single gene

5. Crown rust of oat Resistance Past – major genes from A. sterilis (6x), relatively short-lived effectiveness Current – Pc94 from A. strigosa (2x), only effective single gene Alternatives –Major gene combinations Race non-specific – partial, adult plant, multigenic

6. Crown rust of oat Resistance Past – major genes from A. sterilis (6x), relatively short-lived effectiveness Current – Pc94 from A. strigosa (2x), only effective single gene Alternatives – Major gene combinations Race non-specific – partial, adult plant, multigenic New sources – A. strigosa (2x) – CI 6954SP A. murphyi (4x) – P12

7. ParentsRust susceptibility A. strigosa CI 6954 HR A. murphyi P12HR A. sativa cv. OgleS A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (BM)S Rust reaction of the parental lines.

8. Cross 1

9. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S

10. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate C 1 (2n=2x + 6x=56) S

11. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate C 1 (2n=2x + 6x=56) X A. sativa cv. Ogle S (2n=6x=42) S BC 1 F 1 partial fertile self, (1x + 3x + 3x) highly fertile female (2n=7x=49) S

12. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate C 1 (2n=2x + 6x=56) X A. sativa cv. Ogle S (2n=6x=42) S BC 1 F 1 partial fertile self, (1x + 3x + 3x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle highly fertile female (2n=7x=49) (2n=6x=42) S BC 2 F 1 (2n=6x + 0-7) 18R, 62S

13. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate C 1 (2n=2x + 6x=56) X A. sativa cv. Ogle S (2n=6x=42) S BC 1 F 1 partial fertile self, (1x + 3x + 3x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle highly fertile female (2n=7x=49) (2n=6x=42) S BC 2 F 1 BC 1 F 2 (2n=6x + 0-7) (2n=6x + 0-7) 18R, 62S 27R, 130S X

14. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate C 1 (2n=2x + 6x=56) X A. sativa cv. Ogle S (2n=6x=42) S BC 1 F 1 partial fertile self, (1x + 3x + 3x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle highly fertile female (2n=7x=49) (2n=6x=42) S BC 2 F 1 X A. sativa cv. Ogle BC 1 F 2 (2n=6x + 0-7) (2n=6x=42) (2n=6x + 0-7) 18R, 62S S 27R, 130S BC 3 F 1 (2n=6x + 0–7) 157R, 170S X

15. Possible interpretations Suppressor in Black Mesdag –segregates out in BC 1 F 2, BC 2 F 1, and BC 3 F 1 progeny

16. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate C 1 (2n=2x + 6x=56) X A. sativa cv. Ogle S (2n=6x=42) S BC 1 F 1 partial fertile self, (1x + 3x + 3x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle highly fertile female (2n=7x=49) (2n=6x=42) S BC 2 F 1 BC 1 F 2 (2n=6x + 0-7) (2n=6x + 0-7) 18R, 62S 27R, 130S X

17. Possible interpretations Suppressor in Black Mesdag –segregates out in BC 1 F 2, BC 2 F 1, and BC 3 F 1 progeny Precedent: –Pc62 (from A. sterilis) suppressed by Pc38 –Pc94 (from A. strigosa) suppressed by Pc38

18. Possible interpretations Suppressor in Black Mesdag –segregates out in BC 1 F 2, BC 2 F 1, and BC 3 F 1 progeny Precedent: –Pc62 (from A. sterilis) suppressed by Pc38 –Pc94 (from A. strigosa) suppressed by Pc38 Tested: –Pc94 x Black Mesdag --- R

19. Possible interpretations Suppressor in Black Mesdag –segregates out in BC 1 F 2, BC 2 F 1, and BC 3 F 1 progeny Precedent: –Pc62 (from A. sterilis) suppressed by Pc38 –Pc94 (from A. strigosa) suppressed by Pc38 Tested: –Pc94 x Black Mesdag --- R Tested: –New R x Black Mesdag –New R x Pc38

20. Pc 38Jerry Black (Pc 38) Mesdag R S R S R S - - - - * 0 6 0 7 * 0 2 - - * 0 10 - - * 0 2 0 6 * 0 7 0 5 * Pc 94 0 4 0 11 R,MR Cross Ogle-c R S 7 0 8 1 6 3 3 7 7 0 8 0 Plant No.Self R S 12(3) - 1- - 12(3) - 310 0 20(10) - 1- - 20(10) - 3 9 1 24(3) - 1 7 0 24(3) - 2 9 0 Inoculated at seedling stage with crown rust. Test cross of resistant A. strigosa/Black Mesdag BC 2 F 2 *crosses with Black Mesdag 35R 47S 2MR/R 3RSP

21. Transmission of Introduced Resistance Past efforts with A. strigosa sources 1. Forsberg and co-workers –Resistance present on an alien addition or substitution chromosome, only female transmission –Used gamma irradiation treatment 2. Aung and Chong --Resistance on an alien addition chromosome, unstable transmission -- Induced non-homologous pairing using crosses to A. longiglumis CW57

22. Transmission of Introduced Resistance Past efforts with A. strigosa sources 1. Forsberg and co-workers –Resistance present on an alien addition or substitution chromosome, only female transmission –Used gamma irradiation treatment 2. Aung and Chong --Resistance on an alien addition chromosome, unstable transmission -- Induced non-homologous pairing using crosses to A. longiglumis CW57

23. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. sativa cv. Black Mesdag (2n=2x=14) (2n=6x=42) HR embryo rescue S F 1 (2n=1x + 3x=28) S colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate C 1 (2n=2x + 6x=56) X A. sativa cv. Ogle S (2n=6x=42) S BC 1 F 1 partial fertile self, (1x + 3x + 3x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle highly fertile female (2n=7x=49) (2n=6x=42) S BC 2 F 1 X A. sativa cv. Ogle BC 1 F 2 (2n=6x + 0-7) (2n=6x=42) (2n=6x + 0-7) 18R, 62S S 27R, 130S BC 3 F 1 (2n=6x + 0–7) 157R, 170S X

24. Reciprocal crosses to Ogle-C of resistant A. strigosa CI 6954SP BC 3 derivatives as: BC3 plant female male _ S R MR S R MR 12(1)-3 430 1 1 0 12(3)-12 460 6 4 0 15(6)-8 367 2 1 5 20(5)-19 530 2 4 0 20(7)-6 471 4 3 1 20(7)-16 7 52 5 4 1 20(10)-7 320 5 8 0 20(10)-17 361 1 3 0 20(10)-20 550 7 3 0 20(12)-1 226 3 7 0 20(12)-9 735 7 8 0 Total 47 48 22 43 46 7

25. Buckthorn nursery test of resistant A. strigosa BC 3 F 2 Plant No.RSR/S 12(1)-139162.4 12(1)-754143.9 12(3)-556153.7 15(6)-19 2260.1 18(5)-441133.2 18(5)-1052192.7 20(7)-651153.4 21(6)-643 58.6 23(4)-1518 0N/A

26. Cross 2

27. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. murphyi P12 (2n=2x=14) (2n=4x=28) HR colchicine HR C 1 (2n=2x + 4x=42) MR

28. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. murphyi P12 (2n=2x=14) (2n=4x=28) HR colchicine HR C 1 X A. sativa cv. Ogle (2n=2x + 4x=42) (2n=6x=42) MR S BC 1 F 1 (2n=1x + 2x +3X=42) S

29. A. strigosa CI6954SP X A. murphyi P12 (2n=2x=14) (2n=4x=28) HR colchicine HR C 1 X A. sativa cv. Ogle (2n=2x + 4x=42) (2n=6x=42) MR S BC 1 F 1 X A. sativa cv. Ogle (2n=1x+2x+3X=42) (2n=6x=42) S S BC 2 F 1 (2n=?) R,MR,MS,S

30. Summary Oat crown rust resistance in accessions of A. strigosa (2x) and A. murphyi (4x)

31. Summary Oat crown rust resistance in accessions of A. strigosa (2x) and A. murphyi (4x) Resistance suppressed in early generation crosses with A. sativa, but resistant segregants in later generations

32. Summary Oat crown rust resistance in accessions of A. strigosa (2x) and A. murphyi (4x) Resistance suppressed in early generation crosses with A. sativa, but resistant segregants in later generations Resistance is transmitted equally via male or female. In most cases, transmission appears stable.

33. Summary Oat crown rust resistance in accessions of A. strigosa (2x) and A. murphyi (4x) Resistance suppressed in early generation crosses with A. sativa, but resistant segregants in later generations Resistance is transmitted equally via male or female. In most cases, transmission appears stable. Preliminary segregation data suggest most lines have a single major gene.

34. Summary Oat crown rust resistance in accessions of A. strigosa (2x) and A. murphyi (4x) Resistance suppressed in early generation crosses with A. sativa, but resistant segregants in later generations Resistance is transmitted equally via male or female. In most cases, transmission appears stable. Preliminary segregation data suggest most lines have a single major gene. Hypersensitive response of many plants further support single major gene.

35. Cross 3

36. A. sativa cv. Ogle X A. murphyi P12 (2n=6x=42) (2n=4x=28) S HR F 1 (2n=3x + 2x=35) MS, MR

37. A. sativa cv. Ogle X A. murphyi P12 (2n=6x=42) (2n=4x=28) S HR F 1 (2n=3x + 2x=35) MS, MR colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate F 2 C 1 (?x + ?x) (6x + 4x) 2n = ? (2n=10x=70) S X

38. A. sativa cv. Ogle X A. murphyi P12 (2n=6x=42) (2n=4x=28) S HR F 1 (2n=3x + 2x=35) MS, MR colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate F 2 C 1 (?x + ?x) (6x + 4x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle 2n = ? (2n=10x=70) (2n=6x=42) S S S BC 1 F 1 (2n= 6x + 2x =56) S X

39. A. sativa cv. Ogle X A. murphyi P12 (2n=6x=42) (2n=4x=28) S HR F 1 (2n=3x + 2x=35) MS, MR colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate F 2 C 1 (?x + ?x) (6x + 4x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle 2n = ? (2n=10x=70) (2n=6x=42) S S S BC 1 F 1 X A. sativa cv. Ogle (2n= 6x + 2x =56) (2n=6x=42) S BC 2 F 1 (2n=6x + 0-7) S X

40. A. sativa cv. Ogle X A. murphyi P12 (2n=6x=42) (2n=4x=28) S HR F 1 (2n=3x + 2x=35) MS, MR colchicine fertile sectors self-pollinate F 2 C 1 (?x + ?x) (6x + 4x) X A. sativa cv. Ogle 2n = ? (2n=10x=70) (2n=6x=42) S S S BC 1 F 1 X A. sativa cv. Ogle (2n= 6x + 2x =56) (2n=6x=42) S S BC 1 F 2 BC 2 F 1 (2n=6x + 2x=56) (2n=6x + 0-7) S, MS S X X