1. Aim: How can we apply our knowledge of biology? Part II Do Now: Start Filling out packet HW: Complete Castle Learning: Midterm Review (Due Wednesday) Review Monday and Tuesday, 3-4 Midterm Wednesday 1/25 8am Period 3: Rm 214 Period 7: Rm 215

2. V- Living Organisms (Cells and Cell Theory) 38. Homeostasis: Maintaining internal conditions 39. Metabolism: All reactions within a cell 40 What is the cell theory? all living things have cells cells are the basic unit of structure of function cells come from preexisting cells 42 How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells? Give examples. P = no organelles, ex. bacteria E = organelles, ex. humans

3. Write the proper life function below. 43 reproduction – to make offspring. Describe the two types? Sexual, asexual 44 respiration – produces ENERGY in the form of ATP. 45 regulation-- control of all life functions in a cell 46 excretion – to get rid of metabolic waste 47 growth – to increase in size 48 nutrition – to get nutrients for energy (autotrophic and heterotrophic – How do they differ?) A = plants, H = animals 49 transport– to move materials from A to B 50 synthesis– build or to make. Cell membrane nucleus vacuole mitochondria

4. Define these organelles 50 Nucleus – controls all cell functions 51 Cell Membrane – barrier controls what comes in/out 52 Ribosomes – make proteins 53 Mitochondria – carry out respiration; makes ATP 54 Chloroplast – carry out photosynthesis (plants only); makes sugar

5. 55 What is the cell membrane composed of? lipids, proteins, and receptors 56 In general, what determines whether something can be transported across the cell membrane? size 56. How are diffusion and active transport different? diffusion: high to low, no ATP Active transport: low to high, ATP, uses protein

6. Osmosis 57 Water moved out of the cell because it was placed in salt water 58 Water moved into the cell because it was placed in distilled water 59 What happens to plant cells when placed in salt water? they shrink

7. State Lab 60 Explain what happens to the glucose, starch, and iodine. Why? Glucose moves out, starch stays in, iodine moves in 61 Why did we use iodine in this experiment? indicator, changes color with starch 62 After several hours, the smaller glucose will diffuse across the dialysis tubing membrane, while the larger starch will not. 63 Iodine (which is small) will also diffuse across this membrane turning the cell black. 64 How did this change occur? 65 Salt was added, causing water to diffuse out of the cell

8. VI. Biochemistry 71. How are organic and inorganic compounds different? Organic: carbon and hydrogen Inorganic: missing carbon, hydrogen, or both 72. What are the building blocks of these organic compounds? Carbohydrates – simple sugars Proteins – amino acids Lipids – fatty acids Nucleic Acids – nucleotides

9. The pH Scale 73 Synthesis of proteins is controlled by the nucleus and occurs in the ribosomes. Enzymes are proteins. What do enzymes do? speed up the rate of reaction 74 Enzymes have a specific shape that allows the substrate & the enzyme to come together like a lock & a key 75. How is a substrate different from a product? substrate is at the start, product is formed A A A A A A A N B B B B B B B

10. Factors affect the rate at which enzymes will work: temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration. 76 How does pH and temperature affect the rate of enzymes? rate will increase and then decrease optimum is the maximum rate 77. How does enzyme and substrate concentration affect the rate of enzymes rate will increase and then stay the same

11. VII Photosynthesis and Respiration: 78. What is the equation for photosynthesis? CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 79. Where does photosynthesis occur? chloroplast 81. What exactly do the pigments in the leaves do for the plant? chlorophyll, traps light energy 82. How do the guard cells and stomatas help maintain homeostasis (feedback) for the plant? control gas exchange and water loss

12. 83. What is the equation for aerobic respiration? C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  ATP + CO 2 + H 2 O 84. Where does aerobic respiration occur? mitochondria Anaerobic respiration is the production of energy without the use of oxygen. Only 2 ATP’s are created (much less than aerobic). Another way of saying this is - fermentation 85. What is alcohol fermentation? in yeast C 6 H 12 O 6  ATP + CO 2 + Alcohol 86. What is lactic acid fermentation? in muscle cells (causes pain) C 6 H 12 O 6  ATP + lactic acid

13. VIII. Laboratory Equipment: 87. How are centrifuges helpful to scientists? separate substances based on density 88. What are cell cultures? growth to identify bacteria 89. Why do scientists use chromatography as a laboratory technique? to separate and identify pigments