1. Operating Systems CMPSC 473 Mutual Exclusion Lecture 14: October 14, 2010 Instructor: Bhuvan Urgaonkar

2. Mid-semester feedback On Angel, format similar to SRTEs Please submit by end of the week Based on feedback so far: will do a revision of mutual exclusion related topics

3. Agenda Some classic synchronization problems using semaphores Last class –Producer/Consumer problem –Readers/Writers problem Solution was free of deadlocks Starvation problem Today –Readers/Writers problem Consider more carefully the definition of starvation –Dining Philosophers problem

4. Readers-Writers Problem A data set shared among a number of concurrent processes –Readers – only read the data set; they do not perform any updates –Writers – can both read and write Problem – allow multiple readers to read at the same time. Only one writer may access the shared data at a given time Shared Data –Data set –Semaphore mutex initialized to 1 –Semaphore wrt initialized to 1 –Integer readcount initialized to 0

5. Readers-Writers Problem (Cont.) The structure of a writer process do { wait (wrt) ; // writing is performed signal (wrt) ; } while (TRUE); mutex = 1 wrt = 1 readcount = 0 Allow only one writer at a time to write

6. Readers-Writers Problem (Cont.) The structure of a reader process do { wait (mutex) ; readcount ++ ; if (readcount == 1) wait (wrt) ; signal (mutex) ; // reading wait (mutex) ; readcount - - ; if (readcount == 0) signal (wrt) ; signal (mutex) ; } while (TRUE); mutex = 1 wrt = 1 readcount = 0 Proceed only if no writer is writing; disallow writers once we proceed Signal a writer only when there are no more active readers

7. Readers/Writers Note that starvation is said to occur only when a process, despite getting CPU, does not get to make use of it –Only writers are starved, not readers Can we eliminate starvation for writers?

8. Dining-Philosophers Problem Shared data –Bowl of rice (data set) –Semaphore chopstick [5] initialized to 1

9. Dining-Philosophers Problem (Cont.) The structure of Philosopher i: do { wait ( chopstick[i] ); wait ( chopStick[ (i + 1) % 5] ); // eat signal ( chopstick[i] ); signal (chopstick[ (i + 1) % 5] ); // think } while (TRUE); Deadlock? Starvation? What happens if all pick their left chopsticks?

10. Dining-Philosophers Problem (Cont.) Idea #1: Make the two wait operations occur together as an atomic unit (and the two signal operations) –Use another binary semaphore for this –Any problems with this?

11. Dining-Philosophers Problem (Cont.) Idea #2: Does it help if one of the neighbors picks their left chopstick first and the other picks their right chopstick first? What is the most # phils. that can eat simultaneously?

12. Bounded Buffer/ Producer Consumer Buffer has max capacity N Producer can only add if buffer has room (i.e., count < N) Consumer can only remove if buffer has item (i.e., count > 0) Producer Consumer N = 4 2 empty slots 2 occupied slots

13. Producer Consumer: Mutex Locks mutex_lock m; int count = 0; Produce() { while (count == N); mutex_lock (m); … ADD TO BUFFER, count++ … mutex_unlock (m); } Consume() { while (count ==0); mutex_lock (m); … REMOVE FROM BUFFER, count-- … mutex_unlock (m); } Downside: Busy waiting Liveness guarantee depends on how lock is implemented –E.g., –Peterson’s => Mutex and bounded wait –Test&set => Only mutex

14. Binary Semaphores == Mutex Locks semaphore m = 1; int count = 0; Produce() { while (count == N); wait (m); … ADD TO BUFFER, count++ … signal (m); } Consume() { while (count ==0); wait (m); … REMOVE FROM BUFFER, count-- … signal (m); }

15. Use three semaphores Note important difference from condition variables –Signals are not lost sem protects critical sections full forces a consumer to wait till there is at least one item in buffer empty ensures at most N items are produced between empty buffer and execution of a consumer Producer Consumer: Semaphores semaphore sem = 1; semaphore full = 0; semaphore empty = N; Produce() { wait (empty); wait (sem); … ADD TO BUFFER, count++ … signal (sem); signal (full); } Consume() { wait (full); wait (sem); … REMOVE FROM BUFFER, count-- … signal (sem); signal (empty); }

16. Producer Consumer: Semaphores semaphore sem = 1; int count = 0; Produce() { if (count == N) wait (sem); … ADD TO BUFFER, count++ … signal (sem); } Consume() { if (count == 0) wait (sem); … REMOVE FROM BUFFER, count-- … signal (sem); } A non-working example –Identify the race condition here –That is, can a producer and consumer be in their critical sections simultaneously?

17. A non-working example What happens if a consumer acquires the lock before an item is added to the buffer? –Deadlock! Producer Consumer: Semaphores semaphore sem = 1; int count = 0; mutex_lock m; Produce() { mutex_lock (m); if (count == N) wait (sem); … ADD TO BUFFER, count++ … signal (sem); mutex_unlock (m); } Consume() { mutex_lock (m); if (count == 0) wait (sem); … REMOVE FROM BUFFER, count-- … signal (sem); mutex_unlock (m); }